Hanyang University

About: Hanyang University is a education organization based out in Seoul, South Korea. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Thin film & Population. The organization has 29387 authors who have published 58815 publications receiving 1190144 citations. The organization is also known as: Hanyang Taehakkyo.

In vitro and in vivo analyses of human embryonic stem cell‐derived dopamine neurons

Abstract: Human embryonic stem (hES) cells, due to their capacity of multipotency and self-renewal, may serve as a valuable experimental tool for human developmental biology and may provide an unlimited cell source for cell replacement therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess the developmental potential of hES cells to replace the selectively lost midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease. Here, we report the development of an in vitro differentiation protocol to derive an enriched population of midbrain DA neurons from hES cells. Neural induction of hES cells co-cultured with stromal cells, followed by expansion of the resulting neural precursor cells, efficiently generated DA neurons with concomitant expression of transcriptional factors related to midbrain DA development, such as Pax2, En1 (Engrailed-1), Nurr1, and Lmx1b. Using our procedure, the majority of differentiated hES cells (> 95%) contained neuronal or neural precursor markers and a high percentage (> 40%) of TuJ1+ neurons was tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+, while none of them expressed the undifferentiated ES cell marker, Oct 3/4. Furthermore, hES cell-derived DA neurons demonstrated functionality in vitro, releasing DA in response to KCl-induced depolarization and reuptake of DA. Finally, transplantation of hES-derived DA neurons into the striatum of hemi-parkinsonian rats failed to result in improvement of their behavioral deficits as determined by amphetamine-induced rotation and step-adjustment. Immunohistochemical analyses of grafted brains revealed that abundant hES-derived cells (human nuclei+ cells) survived in the grafts, but none of them were TH+. Therefore, unlike those from mouse ES cells, hES cell-derived DA neurons either do not survive or their DA phenotype is unstable when grafted into rodent brains.

A Real-Time Demand-Response Algorithm for Smart Grids: A Stackelberg Game Approach

Abstract: This paper proposes a real-time price (RTP)-based demand-response (DR) algorithm for achieving optimal load control of devices in a facility by forming a virtual electricity-trading process, where the energy management center of the facility is the virtual retailer (leader) offering virtual retail prices, from which devices (followers) are supposed to purchase energy. A one-leader, ${N}$ -follower Stackelberg game is formulated to capture the interactions between them, and optimization problems are formed for each player to help in selecting the optimal strategy. The existence of a unique Stackelberg equilibrium that provides optimal energy demands for each device was demonstrated. The simulation analysis showed that the Stackelberg game-based DR algorithm is effective for achieving the optimal load control of devices in response to RTP changes with a trivial computation burden.

Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe.

Abstract: Shigella are human-adapted Escherichia coli that have gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa and cause dysentery(1,2), spreading efficiently via low-dose fecal-oral transmission(3,4). Historically, S. sonnei has been predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries but is now emerging as a problem in the developing world, seeming to replace the more diverse Shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality(4-6). Classical approaches have shown that S. sonnei is genetically conserved and clonal(7). We report here whole-genome sequencing of 132 globally distributed isolates. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that the current S. sonnei population descends from a common ancestor that existed less than 500 years ago and that diversified into several distinct lineages with unique characteristics. Our analysis suggests that the majority of this diversification occurred in Europe and was followed by more recent establishment of local pathogen populations on other continents, predominantly due to the pandemic spread of a single, rapidly evolving, multidrug-resistant lineage.

Catalytic Access to α-Oxo Gold Carbenes by N–O Bond Oxidants

Abstract: Metal carbenes are highly versatile species that mediate various transformations. Recent advances in gold catalysis have allowed catalytic access to α-oxo metal carbenes from the alkyne functionality. Compared with traditional methods that rely upon metal-catalyzed decomposition of diazo precursors, the generation of this synthon occurs in an environmentally more appealing fashion by gold-catalyzed alkyne oxygenation.Hydroxylamine derivatives are typically prepared from hydroxylamine salts that are cheap and can be handled without special precaution. In reactions with an alkyne activated by gold, relatively stable nitrones and related reagents undergo efficient O-atom transfer to form putative α-oxo gold carbenes. The highly reactive nature of these species could be utilized in a variety of cascade transformations. Herein, recent synthetic methods based on this reactivity as well as the currently available mechanistic and structural studies through computational and experimental methods have been discusse...