J. E. Coia

TL;DR: This analysis identifies key genetic changes linked to the rapid transcontinental dissemination of epidemic C. difficile 027/BI/NAP1 and highlights the routes by which it spreads through the global healthcare system.

TL;DR: The general principles of infection control should be adopted for patients with MRSA, including patient isolation and the appropriate cleaning and decontamination of clinical areas, and the inappropriate or unnecessary use of antibiotics should be avoided.

TL;DR: Contrary to current tenets supporting a single homogeneous epidemic, it is demonstrated that the bacterium and its resistance genes were largely maintained within animal and human populations separately and that there was limited transmission, in either direction.

TL;DR: Ongoing epidemiological surveillance of cases of CDI, with periodic characterisation of the strains involved, is required to detect clustering of cases in time and space and to monitor the emergence of new, highly virulent clones.

TL;DR: The phylogenetic analysis shows that the current S. sonnei population descends from a common ancestor that existed less than 500 years ago and that diversified into several distinct lineages with unique characteristics, and suggests that the majority of this diversification occurred in Europe and was followed by more recent establishment of local pathogen populations on other continents.