Showing papers by "Osaka University published in 1989"
TL;DR: Human IL-6 (BSF2) was originally identified as a factor in the culture supernatants of mitogen or antigen-stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells, which induced immunoglobulin production in Epstein Barr virus transformed B-cell lines or in Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 stimulated normal B cells.
2,179 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a mathematical model which accounts for formation of hand trajectories by defining an objective function, a measure of performance for any possible movement: square of the rate of change of torque integrated over the entire movement.
Abstract: In this paper, we study trajectory planning and control in voluntary, human arm movements. When a hand is moved to a target, the central nervous system must select one specific trajectory among an infinite number of possible trajectories that lead to the target position. First, we discuss what criterion is adopted for trajectory determination. Several researchers measured the hand trajectories of skilled movements and found common invariant features. For example, when moving the hand between a pair of targets, subjects tended to generate roughly straight hand paths with bell-shaped speed profiles. On the basis of these observations and dynamic optimization theory, we propose a mathematical model which accounts for formation of hand trajectories. This model is formulated by defining an objective function, a measure of performance for any possible movement: square of the rate of change of torque integrated over the entire movement. That is, the objective function C T is defined as follows: $$C_T = \frac{1}{2}{}^t\int\limits_0^f {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\left( {\frac{{{\text{d}}z_i }}{{{\text{d}}t}}} \right)^2 {\text{d}}t,} } $$ where z iis the torque generated by the i-th actuator (muslce) out of n actuators, and t fis the movement time. Since this objective function critically depends on the complex nonlinear dynamics of the musculoskeletal system, it is very difficult to determine the unique trajectory which yields the best performance. We overcome this difficult by developing an iterative scheme, with which the optimal trajectory and the associated motor command are simultaneously computed. To evaluate our model, human hand trajectories were experimentally measured under various behavioral situations. These results supported the idea that the human hand trajectory is planned and controlled in accordance with the minimum torquechange criterion.
1,584 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that an 80 kd single polypeptide chain (IL-6-R) is involved in IL-6 binding and that IL- 6 triggers the association of this receptor with a non-ligand-binding membrane glycoprotein, gp130, extracellularly and can provide the IL-7 signal.
1,420 citations
TL;DR: Cloning and expression of functional P400 protein from cerebellar Purkinje neurons shows that this protein is a receptor for inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, a second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium.
Abstract: Cloning and expression of functional P400 protein from cerebellar Purkinje neurons shows that this protein is a receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium.
984 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the first and second phase responses induced by formalin have distinct characteristic properties, and it is a very useful method for examining pain, nociception and its modulation by pharmacological or other means.
Abstract: A modified formalin test in mice was investigated. The pain response curve induced by 0.5% formalin was biphasic, having 2 peaks, from 0 to 5 min (first phase) and from 15 to 20 min (second phase). A low concentration of formalin was used, allowing the effects of weak analgesics to be detected. Centrally acting drugs such as narcotics inhibited both phases equally. Peripherally acting drugs such as aspirin, oxyphenbutazone, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone only inhibited the second phase. Aminopyrine and mefenamic acid which acted on both central and peripheral sites inhibited both phases, but the second phase was inhibited by lower doses. Thus, this method enables one to easily distinguish the site of action of analgesics. Furthermore, pain response in the first phase was inhibited by capsaicin-treated desensitization and Des-Arg9-(Leu8)-bradykinin (bradykinin inhibitor). The second phase was inhibited by compound 48/80 pretreatment, indomethacin and bradykinin inhibitor. Therefore, it is suggested that substance P and bradykinin participate in the manifestation of the first phase response, and histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin and bradykinin are involved in the second phase. These results indicate that the first and second phase responses induced by formalin have distinct characteristic properties, and it is a very useful method for examining pain, nociception and its modulation by pharmacological or other means.
982 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that transcription of the IFN and IFN-inducible genes is regulated by two similar trans-acting factors that apparently compete for the same cis-acting recognition sequences, but which have opposite effects.
909 citations
TL;DR: The findings in this report indicate that the generation of IL-6 by B cells in germinal centers of hyperplastic lymph nodes of Castleman's disease may be the key element responsible for the variety of clinical symptoms in this disease.
801 citations
TL;DR: It is reported here that glycoproteins corresponding to the S1, S2, S3, S6 and S7 alleles isolated from style extracts of N. alata6 are ribonucleases, which implicate ribonuclease activity in the mechanism of gametophytic self-incompatibility.
Abstract: SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY in flowering plants is often controlled by a single nuclear gene (the S-gene) having several alleles1. This gene prevents fertilization by self-pollen or by pollen bearing either of the two S- alleles expressed in the style. Sequence analysis shows that three alleles of the S gene of Nicotiana alata encode style glycoproteins2,3 with regions of defined homology. Two of the homologous regions also show precise homology with ribonucleases T2 (ref. 4) and Rh (ref. 5). We report here that glycoproteins corresponding to the S1, S2, S3, S6 and S7 alleles isolated from style extracts of N. alata6 are ribonucleases. These style S-gene-encoded glycoproteins account for most of the ribonuclease activity recovered from style extracts. The ribonuclease specific activity of style extracts of the self-incompatible species N. alata is 100–1,000-fold higher than that of the related self-compatible species N. tabacum. These observations implicate ribonuclease activity in the mechanism of gametophytic self-incompatibility.
691 citations
TL;DR: The cDNA-encoded beta chain binds and internalizes IL-2 when expressed on T lymphoid cells but not fibroblast cells and gives rise to the generation of high-affinityIL-2 receptor when co-expressed with the IL-1R alpha chain cDNA.
Abstract: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) binds to two distinct receptor molecules, the IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha, p55) chain and the newly identified IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta, p70-75) chain. The cDNA encoding the human IL-2R beta chain has now been isolated. The overall primary structure of the IL-2R beta chain shows no apparent homology to other known receptors. Unlike the IL-2R alpha chain, the IL-2R beta chain has a large cytoplasmic region in which a functional domain (or domains) mediating an intracellular signal transduction pathway (or pathways) may be embodied. The cDNA-encoded beta chain binds and internalizes IL-2 when expressed on T lymphoid cells but not fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the cDNA gives rise to the generation of high-affinity IL-2 receptor when co-expressed with the IL-2R alpha chain cDNA.
628 citations
TL;DR: The evidence indicates that deregulated gene expression of IL-6 can trigger polyclonal plasmacytosis but cannot induce plasmACYtoma, and it is suggested that additional genetic changes may be required for the generation of plasma cell neoplasia.
Abstract: Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of polyclonal and monoclonal plasma cell abnormalities. To address this possibility, transgenic mice carrying the human IL-6 genomic gene fused with a human immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer were generated. High concentrations of human IL-6 and polyclonal increase in IgG1 (120- to 400-fold) in sera of all transgenic mice were observed. A massive plasmacytosis in thymus, lymph node, and spleen and an infiltration of plasma cells in lung, liver, and kidney were observed. However, the plasma cells were not transplantable to syngeneic mice and were found not to contain chromosomal aberrations including c-myc gene rearrangements. The evidence indicates that deregulated gene expression of IL-6 can trigger polyclonal plasmacytosis but cannot induce plasmacytoma. It is suggested that additional genetic changes may be required for the generation of plasma cell neoplasia. Other interesting findings in these transgenic mice were the development of mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis and an increase in megakaryocytes in bone marrow.
589 citations
National Institutes of Health1, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill2, New York University3, University of Michigan4, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5, Vanderbilt University6, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign7, Scripps Research Institute8, Hoffmann-La Roche9, Queen Mary University of London10, Osaka University11
TL;DR: A modest revision of the initially proposed nomenclature of the P450 superfamily is described specifically for the human and mouse chromosomal loci, with the root symbol "CYP" for human ("Cyp" for mouse), denoting "cytochrome P450."
Abstract: In this update we provide a list of the 71 P450 genes and the four P450 pseudogenes that have been characterized as of September 30, 1988. The chromosomal locations of many of these genes are also summarized. A modest revision of the initially proposed nomenclature of the P450 superfamily (Nebert et al., DNA 6, 1–11, 1987) is described specifically for the human and mouse chromosomal loci. The motivation for this revision is to conform to the rules of nomenclature for human and mouse genes. Recommendations for the naming of chromosomal loci include the root symbol "CYP" for human ("Cyp" for mouse), denoting "cytochrome P450." We recommend that this root also be used for other organisms. For a chromosomal locus, the root symbol is followed by an Arabic numeral designating the P450 family, a letter indicating the sub-family, and an Arabic numeral representing the individual gene within the family or subfamily. Numbers of the individual genes usually will be assigned in the order the genes are ident...
TL;DR: DNA and nuclear proteins were transferred into cells simultaneously at more than 95% efficiency by means of vesicle complexes and the plasmid DNA was carried into liver cell nuclei efficiently by nuclear protein.
Abstract: DNA and nuclear proteins were transferred into cells simultaneously at more than 95% efficiency by means of vesicle complexes. The DNA was rapidly transported into the nuclei of cultured cells, and its expression reached a maximum within 6 to 8 hours after its introduction. Moreover, when the plasmid DNA and nuclear protein were cointroduced into nondividing cells in rat liver by injection into the portal veins of adult rats, the plasmid DNA was carried into liver cell nuclei efficiently by nuclear protein. The expression of the DNA in adult rat liver, on introduction of the DNA with nuclear protein, was more than five times as great as with nonnuclear protein.
TL;DR: Allogenic transplantation of isolated chondrocytes embedded in collagen gel appears to be one of the most promising methods for the restoration of articular cartilage.
Abstract: In an attempt to repair articular cartilage, allograft articular chondrocytes embedded in collagen gel, were transplanted into full-thickness defects in rabbit articular cartilage. Twenty-four weeks after the transplantation, the defects were filled with hyaline cartilage, specifically synthesising Type II collagen. These chondrocytes were autoradiographically proven to have originated from the transplanted grafts. Assessed histologically the success rate was about 80%, a marked improvement over the results reported in previous studies on chondrocyte transplantation without collagen gel. By contrast, the defects without chondrocyte transplantation healed with fibrocartilage. Immunological enhancement induced by transplanted allogenic chondrocytes or collagen was not significant at eight weeks after treatment, so far as shown by both direct and indirect blastformation reactions. Thus, allogenic transplantation of isolated chondrocytes embedded in collagen gel appears to be one of the most promising methods for the restoration of articular cartilage.
TL;DR: Les interactions phonons optiques-electrons sont etudiees dans des heterostructures simples et doubles dans l'aide des modes propres orthonormaux des phonons calcule dans le modele du continuum dielectrique.
Abstract: Electron--optical-phonon interactions are studied in single and double heterostructures. The Hamiltonian describing electron-phonon interactions is derived with use of orthonormal eigenmodes of phonons calculated in the dielectric continuum model. Effects of interactions are expressed in the form of an effective electron-electron interaction mediated by virtual exchange of phonons. It is given by the sum of products of coupling constants and form factors for different modes. The coupling constants correspond to the Fr\"ohlich coupling constant in bulk and the form factors describe effects of electron confinement. The resulting expression is convenient and useful in discussing relative importance of interface modes and bulklike confined modes and also in exploring the possibility of reduction of electron--optical-phonon interactions in heterostructures. It is applied to calculations of the polaron mobility and magnetophonon resonance spectra. The results clearly demonstrate roles of interface phonons.
TL;DR: Although some of cytochemical and functional characteristics of mast cells are common also to basophils, these two types of cells can be dis tinguished with an electron microscope, and their differentiation is distinguished.
Abstract: Mast cells are not seen in routine histological sections stained with hema toxilin and eosin, but a considerable number of mast cells are found in various tissues that are properly fixed and stained with dyes such as toluidine blue and Alcian blue. The substances in granules that stain specifically with these dyes are proteoglycans, which are negatively charged and thought to form complexes with positively charged proteases and histamine. Mast cells have high affinity IgE receptors on their surface, and the immunological activity of mast cells is mediated through these IgE recep tors (1). Binding of antigens to IgE molecules results in the formation of linkages between IgE receptors, and then the release of the granules themselves or chemical mediators in the granules (2). This process con stitutes an important step in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in allergic diseases such as urticaria, bronchial asthma, and allergic rhinitis. In addition to having a role in allergic diseases, mast cells have a physiological role as an effector of host defense mechanisms in intestinal helminth infection (3-5) and dermal tick infestation (6, 7). Although some of cytochemical and functional characteristics of mast cells are common also to basophils, these two types of cells can be dis tinguished with an electron microscope (8). Moreover, their differentiation
TL;DR: Since 1983, transcatheter oily chemoembolization with doxorubicin hydrochloride, iodized oil, and gelatin sponge was used in 100 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, demonstrating that the drug was released slowly from the emulsion.
Abstract: Since 1983, transcatheter oily chemoembolization (TOCE) with doxorubicin hydrochloride, iodized oil, and gelatin sponge was used in 100 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Doxorubicin, 40-100 mg (mean, 61.3 mg), was mixed with 5-20 mL (mean, 9.6 mL) of an iodized oil to prepare a water-in-oil emulsion that was then infused into the hepatic artery. Both progressive changes in blood concentrations of doxorubicin and its tissue concentrations in patients who underwent hepatectomy demonstrated that the drug was released slowly from the emulsion. The cumulative survival rate was 82.0% for 6 months, 53.8% for 1 year, 33.3% for 2 years, and 17.6% for 3 years. These survival rates were better than those of 104 patients who underwent embolization with gelatin sponge, then received an anticancer drug (67.4% for 6 months, 45.2% for 1 year, 16.3% for 2 years, and 3.8% for 3 years).
TL;DR: Almost all children had the antibody against this virus after 13 months of age and the antibody-positive rate of children aged from 0 to 5 months decreased from 52 to 5%, but it gradually increased by 12 months.
Abstract: Sera from normal subjects were examined for reactivity to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) by the anticomplement immunofluorescence test. Of a total of 179 serum specimens from donors aged from under 10 to 59 years, 141 specimens showed positive reactivity against HHV-6. The positive rate was 70 to 83% for all age groups, and there were no substantial differences in the positive rates. Sera from younger children aged from 0 to 21 months were then examined in detail. The antibody-positive rate of children aged from 0 to 5 months decreased from 52 to 5%, but it gradually increased by 12 months. Almost all children had the antibody against this virus after 13 months of age.
TL;DR: All data indicated that IL‐6 functions as an in vitro autocrine growth factor of renal cell carcinomas.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was shown that MC in the affected glomeruli of PGN patients produced IL-6, whereas MC obtained from the patients with membranous nephropathy, minimal change nephrotic syndrome or normal kidney were not found to produce IL- 6.
Abstract: In this study, we demonstrated that IL-6 was a possible autocrine growth factor for rat mesangial cells (MC). rIL-6 induced in vitro growth of rat MC at a concentration of 2 to 200 ng/ml and IL-6 activity was found in the supernatant of cultured rat MC. Northern blot analysis as well as in situ hybridization revealed that IL-6 mRNA was expressed in the cultured MC. Of urine samples from patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN) 50% were found to contain significant IL-6 activity (ranging from 30 to 126 pg/ml). Urine samples from other type of primary glomerular diseases such as minimal change nephrotic syndrome or healthy volunteers contained no detectable IL-6 activity. Only 2 of 27 urine samples from membranous nephropathy contained detectable amount of IL-6. Furthermore, there was some relationship between the levels of urine IL-6 and the progressive stage of PGN. Finally, by immunohistochemical staining using an anti-IL-6 mAb, it was shown that MC in the affected glomeruli of PGN patients produced IL-6, whereas MC obtained from the patients with membranous nephropathy, minimal change nephrotic syndrome or normal kidney were not found to produce IL-6. These data suggest that deregulated production of IL-6 is involved in PGN and the measurement of urine IL-6 is helpful for the differential diagnosis of PGN as well as for monitoring the progression of PGN.
TL;DR: In this article, substitution effects of TiO/sup 4+/ in LiTi/sub 2/(PO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ by various ions (Al/sup 3+/, Sc/Sup 3+), Y/sup3+/, and La/sup 5+/) were reported.
Abstract: High lithium ionic conductivity was obtained in Li/sub 1+X/M/sub X/Ti/sub 2-X/(PO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ (M=Al, Sc, Y, and La) systems. Lithium titanium phosphate, LiTi/sub 2/(PO/sub 4/)/sub 3/, is composed of both TiO/sub 6/ octahedra and PO/sub 4/ tetrahedra, which are linked by corners to form a three dimensional network, with a space group R3-barC. Some workers have already described that the conductivity increased considerably if Ti/sup 4+/ in LiTi/sub 2/(PO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ was substituted by slightly larger cations such as Ga/sup 3+/(1),Sc/sup 3+/(2), and In/sup 3+/(3,4). These results are similar to each other because of their close ionic radii. In this communication, substitution effects of Ti/sup 4+/ in LiTi/sub 2/(PO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ by various ions (Al/sup 3+/, Sc/sup 3+/, Y/sup 3+/, and La/sup 3+/) on their conductivities are reported.
TL;DR: It is shown that high-level expression of the cloned mouse IRF-1 gene in monkey COS cells results in the induction of endogeneous IFN-α andIFN-β genes without viral stimulation, the first demonstration of the specific induction of silent chromosomal genes by transfection of a single transcription factor gene in mammalian cells.
Abstract: Interferons (IFNs) have an important role in cell growth and differentiation. The most well-known function of IFNs is their antiviral activity; viral infections result in induction of the transcription of the IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes. Recently we isolated the gene encoding a transcription factor, IRF-1, that may play a part in the induction of IFN genes. Interestingly, the IRF-1 gene itself is virus-inducible, suggesting the importance of de novo production of IRF-1 in IFN gene induction. Here we show that high-level expression of the cloned mouse IRF-1 gene in monkey COS cells results in the induction of endogenous IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes without viral stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the induction of these genes by an IRF-1/yeast GAL4 chimaeric transcription factor. This may be the first demonstration of the specific induction of silent chromosomal genes by transfection of a single transcription factor gene in mammalian cells.
TL;DR: In this article, le comportement asymptotique de varietes de Riemann is studied, and des coordonnees a l'infini sous certaines conditions intrinsequences.
Abstract: On etudie le comportement asymptotique de varietes de Riemann. On construit des coordonnees a l'infini sous certaines conditions intrinseques
TL;DR: The present study reports the establishment of a system in which the cDNA-directed human IL-2R beta allows growth signal transduction in a mouse pro-B cell line and identifies a unique region within the cytoplasmic domain of the humanIL- 2R beta chain essential for ligand-mediated signalTransduction.
TL;DR: The present investigation suggests that dendrites in the vulnerable regions may be quite susceptible to ischemic stress and that the immunohistochemical procedure for microtubule-associated protein 2 may be very useful for demonstration of dendritic damage in various pathophysiological states of the central nervous system.
TL;DR: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-related virus was isolated from CD4+ CD8- and CD3+CD4+ mature T lymphocytes but could not be isolated fromCD4- CD8+, CD4-CD8-, andCD3- T cells in the peripheral blood of exanthem subitum patients, which suggested predominant CD4 mature T-lymphocyte tropism of HHV- 6-related virus.
Abstract: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-related virus was isolated from CD4+ CD8- and CD3+ CD4+ mature T lymphocytes but could not be isolated from CD4- CD8+, CD4- CD8-, and CD3- T cells in the peripheral blood of exanthem subitum patients. HHV-6-related virus predominantly infected CD4+ CD8+, CD4+ CD8-, and CD3+ CD4+ cells with mature phenotypes and rarely infected CD4- CD8+ cells from cord blood mononuclear cells, which suggested predominant CD4 mature T-lymphocyte tropism of HHV-6-related virus.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that the HIV-induced overproduction of BSF-2 might contribute to the polyclonal B cell activation seen in AIDS and in infection with HIV.
Abstract: Polyclonal B cell activation is commonly observed in AIDS and in infection with HIV. The effect of HIV on the induction of B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2) production was examined, since BSF-2 plays an essential role in the differentiation of activated B cells to Ig-secreting cells. Increased BSF-2 mRNA levels and increased BSF-2 secretion were observed soon after exposure of mononuclear cells isolated from healthy donors to both "live" and inactivated HIV. HIV-induced BSF-2 production was seen in monocyte/macrophages, but not in T cells. These results suggest that the HIV-induced overproduction of BSF-2 might contribute to the polyclonal B cell activation seen in AIDS and in infection with HIV.
TL;DR: Results clearly indicate that the carboxyl-terminal sequence of rat pp60c-src is identical to that of chicken pp60 c-src, and a tyrosine residue corresponding to chicken Tyr527 is the phosphorylation site, which supports the previous proposal that the novel tyrosinesine kinase acts as a specific regulator of pp60C-src in cells.
TL;DR: It appears that IRF-1 may be necessary but not sufficient for IFN-beta induction, and the ability of TNF and IL-1 to increase both IRf-1 and IFn-beta mRNAs may be responsible for some similarities in the actions of T NF, IL- 1, andThe IFNs.
Abstract: Nuclear protein IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor 1) was earlier shown to bind to cis-acting regulatory elements present on interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta genes and some IFN-inducible genes. Here we show that in both human FS-4 and murine L929 cells, steady-state levels of IRF-1 mRNA were increased by treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), poly(I).poly(C), or IFN-beta. IRF-1 mRNA induction was also demonstrated in cells treated with calcium ionophore A23187 or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not with epidermal growth factor, dibutyryl-cAMP, or the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. To determine whether stimulation of IRF-1 mRNA levels correlates with IFN-beta induction, we compared IRF-1 and IFN-beta mRNA levels in cells exposed to various stimuli. In L929 cells, treatment with poly(I).poly(C) under conditions that failed to induce significant levels of IFN-beta mRNA led to a very low induction of IRF-1 mRNA, but "priming" cells with IFN prior to the addition of poly(I).poly(C) greatly increased both IRF-1 and IFN-beta mRNAs. In FS-4 cells an increase in IFN-beta mRNA (examined by the polymerase chain reaction) was seen after treatment with TNF, IL-1, A23187, or poly(I).poly(C), but not with IFN-beta, epidermal growth factor, dibutyryl-cAMP, or forskolin. Thus, all treatments that increased steady-state levels of IFN-beta mRNA also enhanced IRF-1 mRNA levels. However, treatment with IFN-beta, which caused a marked stimulation in IRF-1 mRNA, failed to produce a detectable increase in IFN-beta mRNA. It appears that IRF-1 may be necessary but not sufficient for IFN-beta induction. The ability of TNF and IL-1 to increase both IRF-1 and IFN-beta mRNAs may be responsible for some similarities in the actions of TNF, IL-1, and the IFNs.