University of Cambridge

About: University of Cambridge is a education organization based out in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Galaxy. The organization has 118293 authors who have published 282289 publications receiving 14497093 citations. The organization is also known as: Cambridge University & Cambridge.

Personality Maturation Around the World A Cross-Cultural Examination of Social-Investment Theory

Abstract: During early adulthood, individuals from different cultures across the world tend to become more agreeable, more conscientious, and less neurotic Two leading theories offer different explanations for these pervasive age trends: Five-factor theory proposes that personality maturation is largely determined by genetic factors, whereas social-investment theory proposes that personality maturation in early adulthood is largely the result of normative life transitions to adult roles In the research reported here, we conducted the first systematic cross-cultural test of these theories using data from a large Internet-based sample of young adults from 62 nations (N = 884,328) We found strong evidence for universal personality maturation from early to middle adulthood, yet there were significant cultural differences in age effects on personality traits Consistent with social-investment theory, results showed that cultures with an earlier onset of adult-role responsibilities were marked by earlier personality maturation

Keep your enemies close: distance bounding against smartcard relay attacks

Abstract: Modern smartcards, capable of sophisticated cryptography, provide a high assurance of tamper resistance and are thus commonly used in payment applications Although extracting secrets out of smartcards requires resources beyond the means of many would-be thieves, the manner in which they are used can be exploited for fraud Cardholders authorize financial transactions by presenting the card and disclosing a PIN to a terminal without any assurance as to the amount being charged or who is to be paid, and have no means of discerning whether the terminal is authentic or not Even the most advanced smartcards cannot protect customers from being defrauded by the simple relaying of data from one location to another We describe the development of such an attack, and show results from live experiments on the UK's EMV implementation, Chip & PIN We discuss previously proposed defences, and show that these cannot provide the required security assurances A new defence based on a distance bounding protocol is described and implemented, which requires only modest alterations to current hardware and software As far as we are aware, this is the first complete design and implementation of a secure distance bounding protocol Future smartcard generations could use this design to provide cost-effective resistance to relay attacks, which are a genuine threat to deployed applications We also discuss the security-economics impact to customers of enhanced authentication mechanisms

Whole-genome sequencing of patients with rare diseases in a national health system.

Abstract: Most patients with rare diseases do not receive a molecular diagnosis and the aetiological variants and causative genes for more than half such disorders remain to be discovered1. Here we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in a national health system to streamline diagnosis and to discover unknown aetiological variants in the coding and non-coding regions of the genome. We generated WGS data for 13,037 participants, of whom 9,802 had a rare disease, and provided a genetic diagnosis to 1,138 of the 7,065 extensively phenotyped participants. We identified 95 Mendelian associations between genes and rare diseases, of which 11 have been discovered since 2015 and at least 79 are confirmed to be aetiological. By generating WGS data of UK Biobank participants2, we found that rare alleles can explain the presence of some individuals in the tails of a quantitative trait for red blood cells. Finally, we identified four novel non-coding variants that cause disease through the disruption of transcription of ARPC1B, GATA1, LRBA and MPL. Our study demonstrates a synergy by using WGS for diagnosis and aetiological discovery in routine healthcare.