Institution
Weizmann Institute of Science
Education•Rehovot, Israel•
About: Weizmann Institute of Science is a education organization based out in Rehovot, Israel. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gene. The organization has 21942 authors who have published 54561 publications receiving 3032812 citations. The organization is also known as: Bessie F. Lawrence International Summer Science Institute & Weitzman Institute.
Topics: Population, Gene, Antigen, Receptor, Immune system
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation exponent v is introduced as a characteristic measure of strange attractors which allows one to distinguish between deterministic chaos and random noise, and algorithms for extracting v from the time series of a single variable are proposed.
5,239 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a general and natural choice is to share the charge density at each point among the several atoms in proportion to their free-atom densities at the corresponding distances from the nuclei.
Abstract: For quantitative description of a molecular charge distribution it is convenient to dissect the molecule into well-defined atomic fragments. A general and natural choice is to share the charge density at each point among the several atoms in proportion to their free-atom densities at the corresponding distances from the nuclei. This prescription yields well-localized bonded-atom distributions each of which closely resembles the molecular density in its vicinity. Integration of the atomic deformation densities — bonded minus free atoms — defines net atomic charges and multipole moments which concisely summarize the molecular charge reorganization. They permit calculation of the external electrostatic potential and of the interaction energy between molecules or between parts of the same molecule. Sample results for several molecules indicate a high transferability of net atomic charges and moments.
5,234 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived upper and lower bounds for the effective elastic moduli of quasi-isotropic and quasi-homogeneous multiphase materials of arbitrary phase geometry.
Abstract: Variational principles in the linear theory of elasticity, involving the elastic polarization tensor, have been applied to the derivation of upper and lower bounds for the effective elastic moduli of quasi-isotropic and quasi-homogeneous multiphase materials of arbitrary phase geometry. When the ratios between the different phase moduli are not too large the bounds derived are close enough to provide a good estimate for the effective moduli. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results for a two-phase alloy showed good agreement.
5,224 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.
For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.
Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
5,187 citations
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TL;DR: During cell transformation and tumor devel- opment this cell type specificity of intermediate filaments is largely conserved’ and classification of tumors by their specific type of intermediate Filaments has re- cently become very valuable in clinical histodiagnosis.
5,173 citations
Authors
Showing all 22106 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Lewis C. Cantley | 196 | 748 | 169037 |
Chris Sander | 178 | 713 | 233287 |
David A. Weitz | 178 | 1038 | 114182 |
Michael I. Jordan | 176 | 1016 | 216204 |
Richard H. Friend | 169 | 1182 | 140032 |
Yang Yang | 164 | 2704 | 144071 |
Aviv Regev | 163 | 640 | 133857 |
Dongyuan Zhao | 160 | 872 | 106451 |
Tobin J. Marks | 159 | 1621 | 111604 |
Klaus Rajewsky | 154 | 504 | 88793 |
Roberto Romero | 151 | 1516 | 108321 |
Rui Zhang | 151 | 2625 | 107917 |
Joseph Schlessinger | 150 | 492 | 98862 |
Mikhail D. Lukin | 146 | 606 | 81034 |
Danny Reinberg | 145 | 342 | 68201 |