Showing papers in "Infection, Genetics and Evolution in 2014"

TL;DR: This review briefly addresses what has been learned about resistance durability in recent years, as well as the questions that still remain.

TL;DR: The biology of poxviruses is reviewed with a focus on host range, zoonotic infections, virulence, genomics and host range genes as well as the current knowledge about the function of poXv virus host range factors and how their interaction with the host innate immune system contributes to poxvirus host range and virulence.

TL;DR: In this review, the current knowledge on the animal host adaptation of S. aureus is summarized, with particular emphasis on mastitis in dairy herds, which is probably the costliest and therefore the best documented S.aureus infection seen in animals.

TL;DR: Results from observational studies of S. aureus carriage are described and the influence bacterial, host and environmental/modifiable factors might have on the relationship are described.

TL;DR: The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of Blastocystis STs in different Colombian hosts and to expand on the phylogeographic differences observed so far with a view to exploring and understanding host-parasite co-evolution.

TL;DR: Recent advances regarding phage classification, genome organisation and function of S. aureus phages are summarized with a particular emphasis on their role in the evolution of the bacterial host.

TL;DR: The post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.

TL;DR: The outline of the evolution of Theileria, which includes T. orientalis, is provided, and the possible mechanisms generating genetic diversity among parasite populations are discussed, to discuss the potential implications of a genetically diverse parasite population in the context of TheILeria vaccine development.

TL;DR: This review focuses on three toxin families, namely (i) pore-forming toxins, (ii) exfoliative toxins and (iii) superantigens, which are in the focus of this review.

TL;DR: The understanding of selected S. aureus epidemic waves is reviewed, the use of genome sequencing is highlighted as a means to better understand the evolution of each lineage, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance and increased virulence and/or transmissibility are highlighted.

TL;DR: It is found that the distribution of bacterial communities in the aquatic habitats differed according to the depth of water collections, and inter-individual variation of bacterial composition was large in larvae guts but adult mosquitoes from a same breeding site shared quite similar microbiota.

TL;DR: Impacts of tabanids include pathogen transmission, parasite transportation, biological transmission, and mechanical transmission of viruses, such as equine infectious anemia virus, protozoa, and bacteria, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.

TL;DR: The present review will detail the current understanding of the evolutionary process in the generation of hVISA and VISA, and explore the diverse additional changes that occur in these strains.

TL;DR: Up-to-date information on the HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution is presented, and the most relevant features of the Hav-host interactions are highlighted.

TL;DR: The epidemiological and pathological features of Rickettsia are summarized and the genomic findings that help the understanding of the evolution of pathogenicity including the deleterious mutations of repair systems and the toxin-antitoxin systems are discussed.

TL;DR: A suggestion for a new taxonomic grouping scheme of the viruses within the family Hepeviridae is presented, and a distantly related agent was described from closely related salmonid fish.

TL;DR: This review focuses on a selected set of crucial unresolved questions regarding this pathogen, namely: the nature of the driving forces behind the rise and decline of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) clones; the mechanisms by which a commensal becomes a pathogen.

TL;DR: Since the emergence of MRSA CC398 in humans, approximately 10 years ago, this clone has shown a remarkable evolution, which is described in this review.

TL;DR: A comprehensive update of recent advances in the characterization of salivary molecules and their biological activities is provided and insights pertaining to their protective effect against leishmaniasis and their potential as markers of vector exposure are offered.

TL;DR: The hepatitis E can present a wide range of symptoms, from a subclinical case to chronic liver disease with extrahepatic manifestations, and the diagnostic is challenging if no differential diagnosis is included.

TL;DR: It is revealed that the C. albicans population structure consists of multiple major and minor clades, some of which exhibit geographical or phenotypic enrichment and that C.Albicans reproduction is predominantly clonal.

TL;DR: This manuscript intends to provide a comprehensive review on the evolution, phylogeny, and molecular epidemiology of Chlamydia.

TL;DR: Small colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus are implicated in chronic recurrent infections and have therefore gained renewed interest during the last decade, and are characterized by impaired growth, down-regulation of genes for metabolism and virulence, while sigB and genes important for persistence and biofilm formation are up-regulated.

TL;DR: It is shown that domesticated hosts that were associated a long time ago with humans are also the central ones in the network and those that favor parasites/pathogens transmission not only to humans but also to all other domesticated animals.

TL;DR: The present review summarizes the basic epidemiological and pathological features of the M. avium subspecies, describes the major genomic events responsible for the subspecies diversity, and reconstructs the phylogenetic relationships among these subspecies.

TL;DR: Over a century of published literature on vertical transmission is reviewed to analyze historical trends of scientific investigations on experimental and natural occurrence of VT in mosquitoes and reveals the association between the evolution of virological assays and the probability of VT detection.

TL;DR: A case study on grapevine downy mildew shows how new plant pathogen populations emerge in agro-ecosystems by adapting to partial host resistance, which illustrates how partial plant disease resistance can impact selection of the pathogen's life-history traits.

TL;DR: An overview of the origin of human lice and their role in vector pathogenic bacteria that caused epidemics is presented, and the association between lice clades and human migrations is reviewed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted intensive sampling of bats from the phyllostomidae, vespertilionidae and emballonuridae families in six localities from Casanare department in eastern Colombia.

TL;DR: A phylogenetic analysis on trypanosomatid barcode using V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH gene sequences among a large number of Leishmania species and also several Brazilian visceral Leishmania infantum chagasi isolates obtained from dogs and humans suggested that Leishmannia hertigi and LeishMania equatoriensis should be taxonomically revised and included in the genus Endotrypanum.