Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms
James C. Orr,Victoria J. Fabry,Olivier Aumont,Laurent Bopp,Scott C. Doney,Richard A. Feely,Anand Gnanadesikan,Nicolas Gruber,Akio Ishida,Fortunat Joos,Robert M. Key,Keith Lindsay,Ernst Maier-Reimer,Richard J. Matear,Patrick Monfray,Anne Mouchet,Raymond G. Najjar,Gian-Kasper Plattner,Keith B. Rodgers,Christopher L. Sabine,Jorge L. Sarmiento,Reiner Schlitzer,Richard D. Slater,I. Totterdell,Marie-France Weirig,Yasuhiro Yamanaka,Andrew Yool +26 more
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13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle are used to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.Abstract:
Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms—such as corals and some plankton—will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean–carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.read more
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Herbicides: a new threat to the Great Barrier Reef.
Stephen Lewis,Jon Brodie,Zoe Bainbridge,Ken Rohde,Aaron Davis,Bronwyn L. Masters,Mirjam Maughan,Michelle Devlin,Jochen F. Mueller,Britta Schaffelke +9 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that herbicides reach the Great Barrier Reef lagoon and may disturb sensitive marine ecosystems already affected by other pressures such as climate change.
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Global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC: Model architecture and performance as component of the MPI‐Earth system model in different CMIP5 experimental realizations
Tatiana Ilyina,Katharina Six,Joachim Segschneider,Ernst Maier-Reimer,Hongmei Li,Ismael Núñez-Riboni +5 more
TL;DR: The Hamburg ocean carbon cycle model (HAMOCC) as discussed by the authors is a component of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth system model (MPI-ESM) and was used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) experiments which project future climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
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Predicting the response of molluscs to the impact of ocean acidification.
Laura M. Parker,Pauline M. Ross,Wayne A. O'Connor,Hans O. Pörtner,Elliot Scanes,John M. Wright +5 more
TL;DR: Even sub lethal impacts on molluscs due to climate changed oceans will have serious consequences for global protein sources and marine ecosystems.
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Near-future levels of ocean acidification reduce fertilization success in a sea urchin.
TL;DR: This work investigated the consequences of exposure of gametes and larvae of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma to CO 2 -induced acidification by −0.4 pH units, and found statistically significant reductions in sperm swimming speed and percent sperm motility.
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Are marine plastic particles transport vectors for organic pollutants to the Arctic
TL;DR: This work has estimated mass fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to the Arctic via the main ocean currents and compared them to those in the dissolved state and in air.
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The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Eugenia Kalnay,Masao Kanamitsu,Robert Kistler,William D. Collins,D.G. Deaven,L. S. Gandin,M. Iredell,Suranjana Saha,Glenn H. White,John S. Woollen,Yuejian Zhu,Muthuvel Chelliah,Wesley Ebisuzaki,Wayne Higgins,John E. Janowiak,Kingtse C. Mo,Chester F. Ropelewski,Julian X. L. Wang,Ants Leetmaa,Richard W. Reynolds,Roy L. Jenne,Dennis Joseph +21 more
TL;DR: The NCEP/NCAR 40-yr reanalysis uses a frozen state-of-the-art global data assimilation system and a database as complete as possible, except that the horizontal resolution is T62 (about 210 km) as discussed by the authors.
Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
J. R. Petit,Jean Jouzel,Dominique Raynaud,J. M. Barnola,I. Basile,Michael L. Bender,Jérôme Chappellaz,Michael Davis,Gilles Delaygue,Marc Delmotte,V. M. Kotlyakov,Michel Legrand,Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov,C. Lorius,L. Pepin,Catherine Ritz,Eric S. Saltzman,Michel Stievenard +17 more
TL;DR: The recent completion of drilling at Vostok station in East Antarctica has allowed the extension of the ice record of atmospheric composition and climate to the past four glacial-interglacial cycles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
J. R. Petit,Jean Jouzel,Dominique Raynaud,Nartsiss I. Barkov,I. Basile,Michael L. Bender,Jérôme Chappellaz,M. Davisk,G. Delaygue,Marc Delmotte,V. M. Kotlyakov,Michel Legrand,Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov,C. Lorius,Catherine Ritz,E. Saltzmank,Michel Stievenard +16 more
TL;DR: The recent completion of drilling at Vostok station in East Antarctica has allowed the extension of the ice record of atmospheric composition and climate to the past four glacial-interglacial cycles as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2.
Christopher L. Sabine,Richard A. Feely,Nicolas Gruber,R.M. Key,Kitack Lee,John L. Bullister,Rik Wanninkhof,C. S. Wong,Douglas W.R. Wallace,Bronte Tilbrook,Frank J. Millero,Tsung-Hung Peng,Alexander Kozyr,T. Ono,Aida F. Ríos +14 more
TL;DR: Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, the authors estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 19 petagrams of carbon.
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Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH.
Ken Caldeira,M. Wickett +1 more
TL;DR: It is found that oceanic absorption of CO2 from fossil fuels may result in larger pH changes over the next several centuries than any inferred from the geological record of the past 300 million years.