Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience.
TLDR
A biopsychosocial model is presented outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma.Abstract:
Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology Here we present a biopsychosocial model outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways We focus on four mechanisms of enhanced threat processing: information processing biases that facilitate rapid identification of environmental threats, disruptions in learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of fear, heightened emotional responses to potential threats, and difficulty disengaging from negative emotional content Supportive relationships with caregivers, heightened sensitivity to rewarding and positive stimuli, and mature amygdala-prefrontal circuitry each serve as potential buffers of these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child traumaread more
Citations
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References
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Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology
Jungmeen Kim,Dante Cicchetti +1 more
TL;DR: The findings emphasize the important role of emotion regulation as a risk or a protective mechanism in the link between earlier child maltreatment and later psychopathology through its influences on peer relations.
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Recognizing emotion in faces: developmental effects of child abuse and neglect.
TL;DR: The results suggest that to the extent that children's experience with the world varies, so too will their interpretation and understanding of emotional signals, and physically abused children showed the most variance across emotions.
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Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems.
TL;DR: Early abuse increased the risk of teacher-rated externalizing outcomes in Grades 3 and 4 by fourfold, and this effect could not be accounted for by confounded ecological or child factors.
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Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience
TL;DR: It is argued that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways.
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Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation.
Dylan G. Gee,Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam,Jessica Flannery,Bonnie Goff,Kathryn L. Humphreys,Eva H. Telzer,Todd A. Hare,Susan Y. Bookheimer,Nim Tottenham +8 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that, as in the rodent, children who experienced early maternal deprivation exhibit early emergence of mature amygdala–prefrontal connectivity, suggesting that accelerated amygdala–mPFC development is an ontogenetic adaptation in response to early adversity.
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