Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience.
TLDR
A biopsychosocial model is presented outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma.Abstract:
Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology Here we present a biopsychosocial model outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways We focus on four mechanisms of enhanced threat processing: information processing biases that facilitate rapid identification of environmental threats, disruptions in learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of fear, heightened emotional responses to potential threats, and difficulty disengaging from negative emotional content Supportive relationships with caregivers, heightened sensitivity to rewarding and positive stimuli, and mature amygdala-prefrontal circuitry each serve as potential buffers of these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child traumaread more
Citations
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Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
TL;DR: Evidence for accelerated development in amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited but emerged in other metrics of neurodevelopment, and progress in charting neurodevelopmental consequences of adversity requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, and more precise assessments of adversity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience
TL;DR: A transdiagnostic model of the developmental mechanisms that explain the strong links between childhood trauma and psychopathology as well as protective factors that promote resilience against multiple forms of psychopathology are articulated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning.
TL;DR: Two studies measuring EF at multiple levels provide strong preliminary evidence for a novel model of the neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood adversity, which argues that deprivation is associated with poor executive function (EF), whereas threat is not.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rethinking Concepts and Categories for Understanding the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Childhood Adversity
Karen E. Smith,Seth D. Pollak +1 more
TL;DR: Central problems in understanding the link between early-life adversity and children’s brain development are discussed and alternative formulations that hold promise for advancing knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms through which adversity affects human development are suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Difficulties with emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with the emergence of psychopathology
David G. Weissman,Debbie Bitrán,Adam Bryant Miller,Jonathan D. Schaefer,Margaret A. Sheridan,Katie A. McLaughlin +5 more
TL;DR: Emotion dysregulation following childhood maltreatment occurs at multiple stages of the emotion generation process, in some cases varies across development, and serves as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with general psychopathology.
References
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Physical abuse amplifies attention to threat and increases anxiety in children.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that extreme emotional experiences may promote vulnerability for anxiety by influencing the development of attention regulation abilities.
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The impact of childhood maltreatment: a review of neurobiological and genetic factors.
TL;DR: A brief overview of neuroendocrine findings indicate an association between maltreatment and atypical development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis stress response, which may predispose to psychiatric vulnerability in adulthood.
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Maternal Buffering of Human Amygdala-Prefrontal Circuitry During Childhood but Not During Adolescence
Dylan G. Gee,Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam,Eva H. Telzer,Kathryn L. Humphreys,Bonnie Goff,Mor Shapiro,Jessica Flannery,Daniel S. Lumian,Dominic S. Fareri,Christina Caldera,Nim Tottenham +10 more
TL;DR: Maternal buffering in childhood, but not adolescence, suggests that childhood may be a sensitive period for amygdala-prefrontal development and suggests a neural mechanism through which caregivers modulate children’s regulatory behavior by inducing more mature connectivity and buffering against heightened reactivity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Child Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation
TL;DR: Although maltreated adolescents modulate amygdala responses to negative cues to a degree similar to that of non-maltreated youths, they use regions involved in effortful control to a greater degree to do so, potentially because greater effort is required to modulate heightened amygdala responses.
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A longitudinal study of emotion regulation, emotion lability-negativity, and internalizing symptomatology in maltreated and nonmaltreated children
TL;DR: The longitudinal contributions of emotion regulation and emotion lability-negativity to internalizing symptomatology were examined in a low-income sample of children and indicated that early maltreatment was associated with high emotion lable-negative that contributed to poor emotion regulation, which in turn was predictive of increases in internalizing symptomsatology.
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