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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience.

TLDR
A biopsychosocial model is presented outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma.
Abstract
Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology Here we present a biopsychosocial model outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways We focus on four mechanisms of enhanced threat processing: information processing biases that facilitate rapid identification of environmental threats, disruptions in learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of fear, heightened emotional responses to potential threats, and difficulty disengaging from negative emotional content Supportive relationships with caregivers, heightened sensitivity to rewarding and positive stimuli, and mature amygdala-prefrontal circuitry each serve as potential buffers of these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma

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Childhood maltreatment, vulnerability characteristics and adult incident common mental disorders : 3-year longitudinal data among >10,000 adults in the general population

TL;DR: Several vulnerabilities, in particular low social support, parental psychopathology, prior mental disorders and neuroticism, moderated the relationship between CM and adult mental disorders, indicating that these vulnerability factors had a greater effect on incident mental disorders among people with childhood abuse.
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Interpersonal trauma exposure and startle reactivity to uncertain threat in individuals with alcohol use disorder.

TL;DR: Within individuals with AUD, those with a history of interpersonal trauma exposure may be a neurobiologically unique subtype characterized by exaggerated U-threat reactivity and high levels of anticipatory anxiety.
Journal ArticleDOI

Experience-driven plasticity and the emergence of psychopathology: A mechanistic framework integrating development and the environment into the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) model.

TL;DR: In this paper , a framework that incorporates developmentally specific learning mechanisms that reflect experience-driven plasticity as additional units of analysis in the existing Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) matrix is presented.
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Interpersonal polyvictimization: Addressing the care planning needs of traumatized children and youth.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the associations between interpersonal polyvictimization and care planning needs for children and youth, controlling for sex and age differences, and emphasized the importance of focusing on interpersonal poly-victimisation and sex differences when developing treatment plans for a variety of care planning need.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology

TL;DR: The findings emphasize the important role of emotion regulation as a risk or a protective mechanism in the link between earlier child maltreatment and later psychopathology through its influences on peer relations.
Journal ArticleDOI

Recognizing emotion in faces: developmental effects of child abuse and neglect.

TL;DR: The results suggest that to the extent that children's experience with the world varies, so too will their interpretation and understanding of emotional signals, and physically abused children showed the most variance across emotions.
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Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems.

TL;DR: Early abuse increased the risk of teacher-rated externalizing outcomes in Grades 3 and 4 by fourfold, and this effect could not be accounted for by confounded ecological or child factors.
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Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience

TL;DR: It is argued that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways.
Journal ArticleDOI

Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that, as in the rodent, children who experienced early maternal deprivation exhibit early emergence of mature amygdala–prefrontal connectivity, suggesting that accelerated amygdala–mPFC development is an ontogenetic adaptation in response to early adversity.
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