Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience.
TLDR
A biopsychosocial model is presented outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma.Abstract:
Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology Here we present a biopsychosocial model outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways We focus on four mechanisms of enhanced threat processing: information processing biases that facilitate rapid identification of environmental threats, disruptions in learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of fear, heightened emotional responses to potential threats, and difficulty disengaging from negative emotional content Supportive relationships with caregivers, heightened sensitivity to rewarding and positive stimuli, and mature amygdala-prefrontal circuitry each serve as potential buffers of these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child traumaread more
Citations
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Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
TL;DR: Evidence for accelerated development in amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited but emerged in other metrics of neurodevelopment, and progress in charting neurodevelopmental consequences of adversity requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, and more precise assessments of adversity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience
TL;DR: A transdiagnostic model of the developmental mechanisms that explain the strong links between childhood trauma and psychopathology as well as protective factors that promote resilience against multiple forms of psychopathology are articulated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning.
TL;DR: Two studies measuring EF at multiple levels provide strong preliminary evidence for a novel model of the neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood adversity, which argues that deprivation is associated with poor executive function (EF), whereas threat is not.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rethinking Concepts and Categories for Understanding the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Childhood Adversity
Karen E. Smith,Seth D. Pollak +1 more
TL;DR: Central problems in understanding the link between early-life adversity and children’s brain development are discussed and alternative formulations that hold promise for advancing knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms through which adversity affects human development are suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Difficulties with emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with the emergence of psychopathology
David G. Weissman,Debbie Bitrán,Adam Bryant Miller,Jonathan D. Schaefer,Margaret A. Sheridan,Katie A. McLaughlin +5 more
TL;DR: Emotion dysregulation following childhood maltreatment occurs at multiple stages of the emotion generation process, in some cases varies across development, and serves as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with general psychopathology.
References
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Effects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion.
Seth D. Pollak,Pawan Sinha +1 more
TL;DR: The authors examined the processes by which perceptual mechanisms become attuned to the contingencies of affective signals in the environment, and measured the sequential, content-based properties of feature detection in emotion recognition processes.
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Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion
Seth D. Pollak,Doris J. Kistler +1 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that affective experiences can influence perceptual representations of basic emotions and alter the discriminative abilities that influence how children categorize angry facial expressions.
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Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered fear circuitry and increased internalizing symptoms by late adolescence.
Ryan J. Herringa,Rasmus M. Birn,Paula L. Ruttle,Cory A. Burghy,Diane E. Stodola,Richard J. Davidson,Marilyn J. Essex +6 more
TL;DR: Using resting-state functional brain connectivity in adolescents, it is shown that maltreatment predicts lower prefrontal–hippocampal connectivity in females and males but lower amygdala–subgenual cingulate connectivity only in females, and that rs-FC mediated the association of maltreatment during childhood with adolescent internalizing symptoms.
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How Attributional Ambiguity Shapes Physiological and Emotional Responses to Social Rejection and Acceptance
TL;DR: The authors examined White and Black participants' emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses to same-race or different-race evaluators, following rejecting social feedback or accepting social feedback, finding an asymmetrical race pattern--White participants responded more positively than did Black participants.
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Heightened neural reactivity to threat in child victims of family violence.
Eamon McCrory,Eamon McCrory,Stephane A. De Brito,Stephane A. De Brito,Catherine L. Sebastian,Andrea Mechelli,Geoffrey Bird,Geoffrey Bird,Phillip A. Kelly,Phillip A. Kelly,Essi Viding +10 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that children exposed to family violence (with normative levels of anxiety) show increased AI and amygdala reactivity in response to angry but not sad faces, suggesting enhanced reactivity to a biologically salient threat cue may represent an adaptive response to sustained environmental danger.
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