Open AccessJournal Article
Cosmic rays. 4. The Spectrum and chemical composition above 10**4-GeV
TLDR
Using the concept developed in this paper that the cosmic rays originate in three different main sites, a) the normal supernova explosions into the interstellar medium, b) the supernova explosion into a stellar wind, and c) powerful radio galaxies, they demonstrate in this paper that the spectrum and chemical abundances above 10 4 GeV can be well understood.Abstract:
Using the concept developed in earlier papers, that the cosmic rays originate in three different main sites, a) the normal supernova explosions into the interstellar medium, b) the supernova explosions into a stellar wind, and c) powerful radio galaxies, we demonstrate in this paper that the spectrum and chemical abundances above 10 4 GeV can be well understood. Using existing data on the chemical composition of cosmic rays near TeV energies as a constraint, we adjust the parameters of the model to fit the shower size data from the Akeno experiment; this is necessary since the derivation of an all particle spectrum involves an assumption about the chemical composition of the cosmic rays and so we have to fit the shower size data first and then derive the all particle spectrumread more
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Journal ArticleDOI
KASCADE measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays: Results and open problems
T. Antoni,W. D. Apel,A.F. Badea,K. Bekk,Alexandru Bercuci,J. Blümer,H. Bozdog,I.M. Brancus,Ashot Chilingarian,Kai Daumiller,P. Doll,R. Engel,J. Engler,F. Feßler,H.J. Gils,R. Glasstetter,Andreas Haungs,D. Heck,Jörg R. Hörandel,Karl-Heinz Kampert,H.O. Klages,Gernot Maier,H. J. Mathes,H.J. Mayer,J. Milke,Marcio Aparecido Muller,R. Obenland,J. Oehlschläger,S. Ostapchenko,M. Petcu,H. Rebel,A. Risse,M. Risse,Markus Roth,G. Schatz,H. Schieler,J. Scholz,T. Thouw,H. Ulrich,J. van Buren,A. Vardanyan,A. Weindl,J. Wochele,J. Zabierowski +43 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a composition analysis of KASCADE air shower data is performed by means of unfolding the two-dimensional frequency spectrum of electron and muon numbers, and the analysis is the determination of energy spectra for elemental groups representing the chemical composition of primary cosmic rays.
Journal ArticleDOI
On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays
TL;DR: In this article, direct and indirect measurements of cosmic rays are reviewed, with emphasis given to the understanding of the knee in the energy spectrum, and the data are compared to contemporary models for the knee.
On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays
TL;DR: In this article, direct and indirect measurements of cosmic rays are reviewed, with emphasis given to the understanding of the knee in the energy spectrum, and the data are compared to contemporary models for the knee.
Journal ArticleDOI
Extensive Air Showers and Hadronic Interactions at High Energy
TL;DR: In this article, the relation between extensive air showers and hadronic interactions at high energy was introduced and a detailed simulation of these particle showers is needed to reconstruct the properties of the primary particles.
Journal ArticleDOI
A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10 17 –10 17.5 electronvolts from radio observations
Stijn Buitink,Stijn Buitink,Arthur Corstanje,Heino Falcke,Jörg R. Hörandel,T. Huege,Anna Nelles,Anna Nelles,Jörg P. Rachen,Laura Rossetto,Pim Schellart,Olaf Scholten,Olaf Scholten,S. ter Veen,Satyendra Thoudam,T. N. G. Trinh,James M. Anderson,Ashish Asgekar,Ashish Asgekar,I. M. Avruch,I. M. Avruch,Martin Bell,Mark J. Bentum,Mark J. Bentum,Gianni Bernardi,P. N. Best,Annalisa Bonafede,Frank Breitling,J. W. Broderick,W. N. Brouw,W. N. Brouw,Marcus Brüggen,Harvey Butcher,D. Carbone,B. Ciardi,John Conway,F. de Gasperin,E. de Geus,Adam Deller,R. J. Dettmar,G. van Diepen,S. Duscha,Jochen Eislöffel,D. Engels,J. E. Enriquez,Richard Fallows,Rob Fender,Chiara Ferrari,Wilfred Frieswijk,M. A. Garrett,M. A. Garrett,Jean-Mathias Grießmeier,A. W. Gunst,M. P. van Haarlem,Tim Hassall,George Heald,George Heald,Jason W. T. Hessels,Jason W. T. Hessels,Matthias Hoeft,A. Horneffer,M. Iacobelli,Huib Intema,Huib Intema,E. Juette,Aris Karastergiou,V. I. Kondratiev,V. I. Kondratiev,Michael Kramer,Michael Kramer,M. Kuniyoshi,G. Kuper,J. van Leeuwen,J. van Leeuwen,G. M. Loose,P. Maat,Gottfried Mann,Sera Markoff,Rebecca McFadden,D. McKay-Bukowski,D. McKay-Bukowski,John McKean,John McKean,Maaijke Mevius,Maaijke Mevius,D. D. Mulcahy,H. Munk,M. J. Norden,Emanuela Orrú,H. Paas,M. Pandey-Pommier,Vishambhar Pandey,M. Pietka,Roberto Pizzo,A. G. Polatidis,W. Reich,H. J. A. Röttgering,Anna M. M. Scaife,Dominik J. Schwarz,M. Serylak,J. Sluman,Oleg Smirnov,Benjamin Stappers,Matthias Steinmetz,A. I. F. Stewart,John D. Swinbank,John D. Swinbank,Michel Tagger,Y. Tang,Cyril Tasse,Cyril Tasse,M. C. Toribio,M. C. Toribio,R. C. Vermeulen,Christian Vocks,C. Vogt,R. J. van Weeren,Ralph A. M. J. Wijers,Stefan J. Wijnholds,Michael W. Wise,Michael W. Wise,Olaf Wucknitz,Sarod Yatawatta,Ph. Zarka,J. A. Zensus +124 more
TL;DR: Radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 1017–1017.5 electronvolts enable us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent.
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