Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.
TLDR
The data indicate that C. parvum oocysts are 30 times moreresistant to ozone and 14 times more resistant to chlorine dioxide than Giardia cysts exposed to these disinfectants under the same conditions.Abstract:
Purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine. Excystation and mouse infectivity were comparatively evaluated to assess oocyst viability. Ozone and chlorine dioxide more effectively inactivated oocysts than chlorine and monochloramine did. Greater than 90% inactivation as measured by infectivity was achieved by treating oocysts with 1 ppm of ozone (1 mg/liter) for 5 min. Exposure to 1.3 ppm of chlorine dioxide yielded 90% inactivation after 1 h, while 80 ppm of chlorine and 80 ppm of monochloramine required approximately 90 min for 90% inactivation. The data indicate that C. parvum oocysts are 30 times more resistant to ozone and 14 times more resistant to chlorine dioxide than Giardia cysts exposed to these disinfectants under the same conditions. With the possible exception of ozone, the use of disinfectants alone should not be expected to inactivate C. parvum oocysts in drinking water.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cryptosporidiosis Associated with Ozonated Apple Cider
Brian G. Blackburn,Jacek M. Mazurek,Michele C. Hlavsa,Jean Park,Matt Tillapaw,MaryKay Parrish,Ellen Salehi,William Franks,Elizabeth Koch,Forrest Smith,Lihua Xiao,Michael J. Arrowood,Vince Hill,Alex J. da Silva,Stephanie P. Johnston,Jeffrey L. Jones +15 more
TL;DR: Ozonation was insufficient in preventing this outbreak of cryptosporidiosis and its use in rendering apple cider safe for drinking is questioned.
Journal ArticleDOI
THM, HAA and CNCl formation from UV irradiation and chlor(am)ination of selected organic waters.
TL;DR: In most cases, irradiation with the medium-pressure UV lamp gave similar or slightly larger changes in DBP yields, compared with the corresponding trials using the low-pressure lamp, although some of these changes are not practically significant.
Journal ArticleDOI
Batch solar disinfection inactivates oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and cysts of Giardia muris in drinking water
Kevin G. McGuigan,Fernando Méndez-Hermida,J. A. Castro-Hermida,Elvira Ares-Mazás,S.C. Kehoe,M.A. Boyle,C. Sichel,Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez,B.P. Meyer,S. Ramalingham,E.A. Meyer +10 more
TL;DR: To determine whether batch solar disinfection (SODIS) can be used to inactivate oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and cysts of Giardia muris in experimentally contaminated water.
Journal ArticleDOI
Occurrence and removals of micropollutants in water environment
Moon-Kyung Kim,Kyung-Duk Zoh +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the occurrence and removal of micropollutants in aquatic environments and during water treatment processes is presented, where a variety of techniques and processes, especially advanced oxidation processes, have been applied to remove micropolutants from water to control drinking water contamination.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental Temperature Controls Cryptosporidium Oocyst Metabolic Rate and Associated Retention of Infectivity
TL;DR: Temperature to oocyst inactivation provide valuable information for determining the relative risks associated with Cryptosporidium oocysts in water, and both the cell culture-TaqMan PCR assay and the ATP assay provide an alternative to the more costly and time-consuming mouse infection assay.
References
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Book
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater
TL;DR: The most widely read reference in the water industry, Water Industry Reference as discussed by the authors, is a comprehensive reference tool for water analysis methods that covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method
TL;DR: In this article, the decolorization of indigo trisulfonate (600 nm, pH below 4) was used to determine the concentration of aqueous ozone in the range 0.005 −30 mg 1−1.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium.
TL;DR: It is suggested, on the basis of the severity of the clinical symptoms, and on the pathological changes in the rectum, that the organism in this case is likely to have been the cause of the enterocolitis and thus to have was a pathogen rather than a commensal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites using discontinuous sucrose and isopycnic Percoll gradients.
TL;DR: Techniques for the large-scale isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites, obtained from the feces of experimentally infected Holstein calves, were developed employing discontinuous sucrose gradients and isopycnic Percoll gradients.
Journal ArticleDOI
Large Community Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Due to Contamination of a Filtered Public Water Supply
Edward B. Hayes,Thomas Matte,Thomas R. O'Brien,Thomas W. McKinley,Gary S. Logsdon,Joan B. Rose,Beth L. P. Ungar,David M. Word,Margaret A. Wilson,Earl G. Long,Eugene S. Hurwitz,Dennis D. Juranek +11 more
TL;DR: Current standards for the treatment of public water supplies may not prevent the contamination of drinking water by Cryptosporidium, with consequent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis, it is concluded.