Journal ArticleDOI
Enzymatic glycosylation of multivalent scaffolds
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TLDR
Though there is still a long way until the Nature's ideal of multivalent glycans is achievable in the laboratory, the sketched pathways to multivalent glycostructures open tremendous possibilities for the future glycobiological research.Abstract:
The design of glycoclusters, glycodendrimers, glycopolymers and other complex glycostructures that mimic the multivalent carbohydrate display on the cell surface is of immense interest for diagnosis and therapy. This review presents a detailed insight into the exciting possibilities of multiple glycosylation using enzymes, particularly glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4). A representative choice of available scaffolds for the enzyme action is practically infinite and comprises synthetic polymers, carbosilane dendrimers, multiantennary glycans or hyperbranched conjugates. The introduced glyco-patterns range from common sialyl Lewis(x) and sialyl lacto-chains to chemically functionalized carbohydrate units for detection purposes. The possibilities of in vitro enzymatic production of N- and O-glycans and other natural polymers are also discussed. In harmony with their natural tasks, glycosyltransferases may in vitro complete the imperfect glycosylation pattern of proteins, recombinantly produced in pro- and eukaryotic hosts. What is more, the required enzymatic battery may be directly co-expressed with the protein, in order to elegantly accomplish the production of eukaryotic glycans. Ingenious metabolic labeling enables facile imaging of glycostructures. The boom of glycoarray technology opens vast possibilities in high-throughput screening for novel enzymes and substrate specificities as well as in the synthesis. Though there is still a long way until the Nature's ideal of multivalent glycans is achievable in the laboratory, the sketched pathways to multivalent glycostructures open tremendous possibilities for the future glycobiological research.read more
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Chemical conversion pathways for carbohydrates
TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in liquid phase chemical conversions of monosaccharides, disaccharide, and polysaccharides can be found in this paper, followed by a process-driven approach where the existing carbohydrate conversion pathways are classified according to the types of chemical processes involved.
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Organizing multivalency in carbohydrate recognition
TL;DR: This review is focused on smaller multivalent structures such as glycoclusters emphasizing carbohydrate-centered and heteromultivalent glycoconjugates and approaches to organize multivalency.
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Achieving Controlled Biomolecule–Biomaterial Conjugation
TL;DR: This review focuses on the chemistry of biomolecule conjugation and provides a comprehensive overview of the key strategies for achieving controlled biomaterial functionalization and highlights the importance of carefully considering the impact and suitability of a particular technique during biomaterial design.
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Applications of Nonenzymatic Catalysts to the Alteration of Natural Products
TL;DR: The application of small molecules as catalysts for the diversification of natural product scaffolds is reviewed in this article, where principles that relate to the selectivity challenges intrinsic to complex molecular scaffolds are summarized.
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Leloir Glycosyltransferases as Biocatalysts for Chemical Production
TL;DR: Progress and limitations are shown in the development of Leloir glycosyltransferases into robust biocatalytic systems for use in Glycosylations for chemical production.
References
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