Functional redundancy in the control of seedling growth by the karrikin signaling pathway.
TLDR
Evidence that SMXL2 controls hypocotyl growth and expression of the KAR/SL transcriptional markers KUF1, IAA1, and DLK2 redundantly with SMAX1 is presented, supporting the model that karrikin and strigolactone responses are mediated by distinct subclades of the SMXL family, and further the case for parallel butenolide signaling pathways that evolved through ancient KAI2 and SMXL duplications.Abstract:
SMAX1 and
SMXL2
control seedling growth, demonstrating functional redundancy within a gene family that mediates karrikin and strigolactone responses.
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones with butenolide moieties that control diverse aspects of plant growth, including shoot branching. Karrikins (KARs) are butenolide molecules found in smoke that enhance seed germination and seedling photomorphogenesis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, SLs and KARs signal through the α/β hydrolases D14 and KAI2, respectively. The F-box protein MAX2 is essential for both signaling pathways. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1) plays a prominent role in KAR-regulated growth downstream of MAX2, and SMAX1-LIKE genes SMXL6, SMXL7, and SMXL8 mediate SL responses. We previously found that smax1 loss-of-function mutants display constitutive KAR response phenotypes, including reduced seed dormancy and hypersensitive growth responses to light in seedlings. However, smax1 seedlings remain slightly responsive to KARs, suggesting that there is functional redundancy in karrikin signaling. SMXL2 is a strong candidate for this redundancy because it is the closest paralog of SMAX1, and because its expression is regulated by KAR signaling. Here, we present evidence that SMXL2 controls hypocotyl growth and expression of the KAR/SL transcriptional markers KUF1, IAA1, and DLK2 redundantly with SMAX1. Hypocotyl growth in the smax1 smxl2 double mutant is insensitive to KAR and SL, and etiolated smax1 smxl2 seedlings have reduced hypocotyl elongation. However, smxl2 has little or no effect on seed germination, leaf shape, or petiole orientation, which appear to be predominantly controlled by SMAX1. Neither SMAX1 nor SMXL2 affect axillary branching or inflorescence height, traits that are under SL control. These data support the model that karrikin and strigolactone responses are mediated by distinct subclades of the SMXL family, and further the case for parallel butenolide signaling pathways that evolved through ancient KAI2 and SMXL duplications.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strigolactone Signaling and Evolution.
TL;DR: This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms, core developmental roles, and evolutionary history of strigolactone signaling and proposes potential translational applications of strIGolactones research to agriculture.
Journal ArticleDOI
The karrikin receptor KAI2 promotes drought resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Weiqiang Li,Kien Huu Nguyen,Ha Duc Chu,Chien Van Ha,Yasuko Watanabe,Yuriko Osakabe,Marco Antonio Leyva-González,Mayuko Sato,Kiminori Toyooka,Laura Voges,Maho Tanaka,Mohammad Golam Mostofa,Motoaki Seki,Mitsunori Seo,Shinjiro Yamaguchi,David C. Nelson,Chunjie Tian,Luis Herrera-Estrella,Lam-Son Phan Tran +18 more
TL;DR: It is discovered that mutations in KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), encoding the proposed karrikin receptor, result in hypersensitivity to water deprivation, and suggest that chemical or genetic manipulation of KAI2 and D14 signaling may provide novel ways to improve drought resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI
The DNA binding landscape of the maize AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR family.
Mary Galli,Arjun Khakhar,Zefu Lu,Zongliang Chen,Sidharth Sen,Trupti Joshi,Jennifer L. Nemhauser,Robert J. Schmitz,Andrea Gallavotti +8 more
TL;DR: DAP-seq is adapted to show the binding landscape of 14 maize ARFs and reveal class-specific binding properties and transcriptional coordination by ARFs from different classes, suggesting transcriptionalcoordination for many genes.
Journal ArticleDOI
SMAX1/SMXL2 regulate root and root hair development downstream of KAI2-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis.
José Antonio Villaécija-Aguilar,Maxime Hamon-Josse,Samy Carbonnel,Samy Carbonnel,Annika Kretschmar,Christian Schmidt,Corinna Dawid,Tom Bennett,Tom Bennett,Caroline Gutjahr,Caroline Gutjahr +10 more
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the KAI2 signalling pathway is an important new regulator of root hair and root development in Arabidopsis and lay an important basis for research into a molecular understanding of how very similar and partially overlapping hormone signalling pathways regulate different phenotypic outputs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strigolactone- and Karrikin-Independent SMXL Proteins Are Central Regulators of Phloem Formation
Eva-Sophie Wallner,Vadir López-Salmerón,Ilya Belevich,Gernot Poschet,Ilona Jung,Karin Grünwald,Iris Sevilem,Eija Jokitalo,Rüdiger Hell,Yrjö Helariutta,Yrjö Helariutta,Javier Agustí,Ivan Lebovka,Thomas Greb +13 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that within the SMXL gene family, specifically SMXL3/4/5 deficiency results in strong defects in phloem formation, altered sugar accumulation, and seedling lethality, and indicates that diversity of SMXL protein functions is essential for a steady fuelling of plant meristems.
References
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