Holocentric chromosomes
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TLDR
Holocentric chromosomes as discussed by the authors possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere typical of other chromosomes, and they have been described for the first time in cytogenetic experiments dating from 1935.Abstract:
Holocentric chromosomes possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere typical of other chromosomes [1]. They have been described for the first time in cytogenetic experiments dating from 1935 and, since this first observation, the term holocentric chromosome has referred to chromosomes that: i. lack the primary constriction corresponding to centromere observed in monocentric chromosomes [2]; ii. possess multiple kinetochores dispersed along the chromosomal axis so that microtubules bind to chromosomes along their entire length and move broadside to the pole from the metaphase plate [3]. These chromosomes are also termed holokinetic, because, during cell division, chromatids move apart in parallel and do not form the classical V-shaped figures typical of monocentric chromosomes [4–6]. Holocentric chromosomes evolved several times during both animal and plant evolution and are currently reported in about eight hundred diverse species, including plants, insects, arachnids and nematodes [7,8]. As a consequence of their diffuse kinetochores, holocentric chromosomes may stabilize chromosomal fragments favouring karyotype rearrangements [9,10]. However, holocentric chromosome may also present limitations to crossing over causing a restriction of the number of chiasma in bivalents [11] and may cause a restructuring of meiotic divisions resulting in an inverted meiosis [12].read more
Citations
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Chromosome Fusion Affects Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Turnover of Functional Loci but Consistently Depends on Chromosome Size.
Francesco Cicconardi,Francesco Cicconardi,James J. Lewis,Simon H. Martin,Robert D. Reed,Charles G. Danko,Stephen H. Montgomery +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the evolutionary consequences of multiple chromosome fusions in Heliconius butterflies and showed that chromosome size and fusion impact turnover rates of functional loci at a macroevolutionary scale.
Journal ArticleDOI
Repeat-based holocentromeres influence genome architecture and karyotype evolution
Paulo G. Hofstatter,Gokilavani Thangavel,Thomas Lux,Pavel Neumann,Tihana Vondrak,Petr Novák,Meng Zhang,Lucas Costa,Marco Castellani,Alison Dawn Scott,Helena Toegelová,Joerg Dr Fuchs,Yennifer Mata-Sucre,Y. Dias,A. L. Vanzela,Bruno Huettel,Cícero Almeida,Hana Šimková,Gustavo Antonio de Souza,Andrea Pedrosa-Harand,Jiří Macas,Klaus F. X. Mayer,Andreas Houben,André Marques +23 more
TL;DR: The authors compare genome organization and evolution as a function of centromere type by assembling chromosome-scale holocentric genomes with repeat-based holocentromeres from three beak-sedge (Rhynchospora pubera, R. breviuscula and R. tenuis) and their closest monocentric relative, Juncus effusus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Holocentric Chromosomes Probably Do Not Prevent Centromere Drive in Cyperaceae.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed 36 CenH3 sequences from 35 species of the holocentric family Cyperaceae and found 10 positively selected codons in the H3 gene and six branches of its phylogeny along which the positive selection occurred.
Journal ArticleDOI
A holocentric twist to chromosomal speciation?
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss how the abundance of chromosome-scale genomes, combined with novel analytical tools, offer the opportunity to assess the impacts of chromosomal rearrangements on rates of speciation by outlining a phylogenetic framework that aligns with the two major lines of chromosomesomal speciation theory.
Journal ArticleDOI
OUP accepted manuscript
TL;DR: In this article , the authors summarize the limited knowledge on the origin, frequency, and evolutionary implications of EEF and NCF events in eukaryotes and especially in land plants.
References
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TL;DR: This approach has revealed that the distribution of genes, integrated viral sequences, and interspersed repeats is highly nonuniform in the genome, and that the base composition and ratio of CpG to GpC in both coding and noncoding sequences, as well as codon usage, mainly depend on the GC content of the isochores harboring the sequences.
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Holocentric chromosomes: convergent evolution, meiotic adaptations, and genomic analysis
TL;DR: This review describes how holocentricity may be identified through cytological and molecular methods and how extensive genome sequencing and experiments in nonmodel organisms may allow Holocentric chromosomes to shed light on general principles of chromosome segregation.
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Fragile and unstable chromosomes in cancer: causes and consequences.
TL;DR: Recent studies on one class of human chromosomal fragile sites show that instability at fragile site loci can functionally contribute to tumor cell biology.
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Here, There, and Everywhere: Kinetochore Function on Holocentric Chromosomes
TL;DR: This work has shown that the ancestral eukaryotic chromosome may have been holocentric, in which case the restriction of kinetic activity to a specialized region must have been an evolutionary event that occurred again and again.