Journal ArticleDOI
Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking
TLDR
In younger healthy women (aged 50–60 years), the risk–benefit balance is positive for using HRT, with risks considered rare, and some consideration might be given to HRT as a prevention strategy as treatment can reduce CHD and all-cause mortality.Abstract:
For several decades, the role of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) has been debated. Early observational data on HRT showed many benefits, including a reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality. More recently, randomized trials, including the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), studying mostly women many years after the the onset of menopause, showed no such benefit and, indeed, an increased risk of CHD and breast cancer, which led to an abrupt decrease in the use of HRT. Subsequent reanalyzes of data from the WHI with age stratification, newer randomized and observational data and several meta-analyses now consistently show reductions in CHD and mortality when HRT is initiated soon after menopause. HRT also significantly decreases the incidence of various symptoms of menopause and the risk of osteoporotic fractures, and improves quality of life. In younger healthy women (aged 50-60 years), the risk-benefit balance is positive for using HRT, with risks considered rare. As no validated primary prevention strategies are available for younger women (<60 years of age), other than lifestyle management, some consideration might be given to HRT as a prevention strategy as treatment can reduce CHD and all-cause mortality. Although HRT should be primarily oestrogen-based, no particular HRT regimen can be advocated.read more
Citations
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A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women
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Ovarian damage from chemotherapy and current approaches to its protection.
Norah Spears,Federica Lopes,Agnes Stefansdottir,Valerio Rossi,M De Felici,Richard A. Anderson,F.G. Klinger +6 more
TL;DR: The different damaging effects of the most common chemotherapeutic compounds on the ovary, in particular, the ovarian follicles and the molecular pathways that lead to that damage are discussed and recently described fertility-protective agents with these damage pathways are discussed.
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Parkinson's Disease in Women and Men: What's the Difference?
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Journal ArticleDOI
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality
Francine Grodstein,Meir J. Stampfer,Graham A. Colditz,Walter C. Willett,JoAnn E. Manson,Marshall M. Joffe,Bernard Rosner,Charles S. Fuchs,Susan E. Hankinson,David J. Hunter,Charles H. Hennekens,Frank E. Speizer +11 more
TL;DR: On average, mortality among women who use postmenopausal hormones is lower than among nonusers; however, the survival benefit diminishes with longer duration of use and is lower for women at low risk for coronary disease.
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Research trends in flavonoids and health.
TL;DR: In the 1990s flavonoids were mainly considered as the active components of medicinal plants, while from 2000 onward, they switched to be mainly regarded as bioactive food ingredients.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
Jacques E. Rossouw,Garnet L. Anderson,Ross L. Prentice,Andrea Z. LaCroix,Charles Kooperberg,Marcia L. Stefanick,Rebecca D. Jackson,Shirley A.A. Beresford,Barbara V. Howard,Karen C. Johnson,Jane Morley Kotchen,Judith K. Ockene +11 more
TL;DR: Overall health risks exceeded benefits from use of combined estrogen plus progestin for an average 5.2-year follow-up among healthy postmenopausal US women, and the results indicate that this regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prevention of CHD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Stephen B. Hulley,Deborah Grady,Trudy L. Bush,Curt D Furberg,David M. Herrington,Betty Riggs,Eric Vittinghoff +6 more
TL;DR: Treatment with oral conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate did not reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established coronary disease and the treatment did increase the rate of thromboembolic events and gallbladder disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
Garnet L. Anderson,Marian C. Limacher,Annlouise R. Assaf,Tamsen Bassford,Shirley A.A. Beresford,Henry R. Black,Denise E. Bonds,Robert L. Brunner,Robert G. Brzyski,Bette J. Caan,Rowan T. Chlebowski,J. David Curb,Margery Gass,Jennifer Hays,Gerardo Heiss,Susan L. Hendrix,Barbara V. Howard,Judith Hsia,F. Allan Hubbell,Rebecca D. Jackson,Karen C. Johnson,Howard L. Judd,Jane Morley Kotchen,Lewis H. Kuller,Andrea Z. LaCroix,Dorothy S. Lane,Robert Langer,Norman L. Lasser,Cora E. Lewis,JoAnn E. Manson,Karen L. Margolis,Judith K. Ockene,Mary Jo O'Sullivan,Lawrence S. Phillips,Ross L. Prentice,Cheryl Ritenbaugh,John A Robbins,Jacques E. Rossouw,Gloria E. Sarto,Marcia L. Stefanick,Linda Van Horn,Jean Wactawski-Wende,Robert B. Wallace,Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller +43 more
TL;DR: The use of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) increases the risk of stroke, decreases therisk of hip fracture, and does not affect CHD incidence in postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy over an average of 6.8 years, indicating no overall benefit.
Journal ArticleDOI
Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques.
TL;DR: A method is devised which allows the detection and microscopic localization of MMP enzymatic activity directly in tissue sections and may promote destabilization and complication of atherosclerotic plaques and provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Journal ArticleDOI
Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer
Eugenia E. Calle,Clark W. Heath,R. J. Coates,Jonathan M. Liff,Silvia Franceschi,R. Talamini,N. Chantarakul,Suporn Koetsawang,D. Rachawat,A. Morabia,L. Schuman,Walter F. Stewart,Moyses Szklo,Chris Bain,F. Schofield,Victor Siskind,Philip A. Band,Andrew J. Coldman,Richard P. Gallagher,T. G. Hislop,P. Yang,Stephen W. Duffy,L. M. Kolonel,A. M.Y. Nomura,Mark W. Oberle,Howard W. Ory,Herbert B. Peterson,Hoyt G. Wilson,Phyllis A. Wingo,K. Ebeling,D. Kunde,P. Nishan,Graham A. Colditz,Nicholas G. Martin,Tieng Pardthaisong,S. Silpisornkosol,C. Theetranont,B. Boosiri,S. Chutivongse,P. Jimakorn,Pramuan Virutamasen,C. Wongsrichanalai,Anthony J. McMichael,T. Rohan,Marianne Ewertz,Carle Paul,David C. G. Skegg,G. F. S. Spears,P. Boyle,M. Evstifeeva,J. R. Daling,W. B. Hutchinson,Kathi Malone,E. A. Noonan,Janet L. Stanford,David B. Thomas,N. S. Weiss,Emily White,N. Andrieu,A. Bràmond,F Clavel,B. Gairard,J. Lansac,L. Piana,R. Renaud,S. R.P. Fine,H. R. Cuevas,P. Ontiveros,A. Palet,S. B. Salazar,N. Aristizabel,A. Cuadros,A. Bachelot,M. G. Lê,J. Deacon,Julian Peto,C. N. Taylor,E. Alfandary,Baruch Modan,Elaine Ron,Gary D. Friedman,Robert A. Hiatt,T. Bishop,J. Kosmelj,M. Primic-Zakelj,B. Ravnihar,J. Stare,W. L. Beeson,Graeme Fraser,R. D. Bulbrook,Jack Cuzick,I. S. Fentiman,J. L. Hayward,De Yun Wang,R. L. Hanson,M. C. Leske,Martin C. Mahoney,P. C. Nasca,A. O. Varma,A. L. Weinstein,Torgil Möller,Håkan Olsson,Jonas Ranstam,R.A. Goldbohm,P.A. van den Brandt,R. A. Apelo,J. Baens,J. R. de la Cruz,B. Javier,L. B. Lacaya,Corazon A. Ngelangel,C. La Vecchia,E. Negri,Ettore Marubini,Monica Ferraroni,Mariette Gerber,Sylvia Richardson,C. Segala,D. Gatei,P. Kenya,A. Kungu,J. G. Mati,L A Brinton,Robert N. Hoover,Catherine Schairer,Robert Spirtas,H. P. Lee,Matti A. Rookus,F.E. van Leeuwen,J. A. Schoenberg,Marilie D. Gammon,E. A. Clarke,Lee W. Jones,Klim McPherson,A. Neil,M. Vessey,D. Yeates,Valerie Beral,Diana Bull,B. Crossley,C Hermon,Simon Jones,Timothy J. Key,Claire E. Lewis,Gillian K Reeves,Rory Collins,Richard Doll,Richard Peto,P. Hannaford,Kay Cr,Luis Rosero-Bixby,Jian-Min Yuan,H. Y. Wei,T. Yun,C. Zhiheng,G. Berry,J Cooper Booth,T. Jelihovsky,Robert MacLennan,R. Shearman,Q. S. Wang,C. J. Baines,Anthony B. Miller,C. Wall,Eiliv Lund,H. Stalsberg,A. Dabancens,L. Martinez,R. Molina,O. Salas,Freda E. Alexander,B. S. Hulka,C. E. D. Chilvers,Leslie Bernstein,Robert W. Haile,Annlia Paganini-Hill,M. C. Pike,R. K. Ross,Giske Ursin,Mimi C. Yu,M. P. Longnecker,Polly A. Newcomb,T. M.N. Farley,S. Holck,O. Meirik,Hans-Olov Adami,R. Bergkvist,Ingemar Persson,Fabio Levi,Kiyohiko Mabuchi,Dale L. Preston,Klea Katsouyanni,Antonia Trichopoulou,D. Trichopoulos,Leif Bergkvist +194 more
TL;DR: Of the many factors examined that might affect the relation between breast cancer risk and use of HRT, only a woman's weight and body-mass index had a material effect: the increase in the relative risk of breast cancer diagnosed in women using HRT and associated with long durations of use in current and recent users was greater for women of lower than of higher weight or body- mass index.
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