Journal ArticleDOI
Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection.
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TLDR
Qualitative differences in the primary immune response to HIV (i.e. mobilization of a restricted versus broader T-cell receptor repertoire) are associated with different rates of disease progression and the initial interaction between the virus and immune system of the host is critical for the subsequent clinical outcome.Abstract:
The rate of progression of HIV disease may be substantially different among HIV-infected individuals. Following infection of the host with any virus, the delicate balance between virus replication and the immune response to the virus determines both the outcome of the infection, i.e. the persistence versus elimination of the virus, and the different rates of progression. During primary HIV infection, a burst of viremia occurs that disseminates virus to the lymphoid organs. A potent immune response ensues that substantially, but usually not completely, curtails virus replication. This inability of the immune system to completely eliminate the virus leads to establishment of chronic, persistent infection that over time leads to profound immunosuppression. The potential mechanisms of virus escape from an otherwise effective immune response have been investigated. Clonal deletion of HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cell clones and sequestration of virus-specific cytotoxic cells away from the major site of virus replication represent important mechanisms of virus escape from the immune response that favor persistence of HIV. Qualitative differences in the primary immune response to HIV (i.e. mobilization of a restricted versus broader T-cell receptor repertoire) are associated with different rates of disease progression. Therefore, the initial interaction between the virus and immune system of the host is critical for the subsequent clinical outcome.read more
Citations
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Effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mechanisms in the control of respiratory virus infections.
Peter C. Doherty,David J. Topham,Ralph A. Tripp,Rhonda D. Cardin,James W. Brooks,Philip G. Stevenson +5 more
TL;DR: The evidence to date supports a very traditional view: CD8+ T cells function mainly as killers and the CD4- T cells as helpers in these respiratory virus infections.
Journal ArticleDOI
Persistent Decreases in Blood Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Number and Function Despite Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Increased Blood Myeloid Dendritic Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals
Jihed Chehimi,Donald E. Campbell,Livio Azzoni,Darlene Bacheller,Emmanouil Papasavvas,Ghassen Jerandi,Karam Mounzer,Jay R. Kostman,Giorgio Trinchieri,Luis J. Montaner +9 more
TL;DR: It is shown that HIV+ individuals have a significant decrease in the number of the Lin−HLA-DR+CD123+ and BDCA-2+ PDC compared with uninfected donors and that DC subsets are differentially reconstituted during the immune recovery associated with antiviral therapy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predictors of disease progression in HIV infection: a review
TL;DR: Host factors such as age, HLA and CYP polymorphisms and psychosocial factors remain important, though often unalterable, predictors of disease progression, and readily measurable markers of disease such as total lymphocyte count, haemoglobin, body mass index and delayed type hypersensitivity may come into favour as ART becomes increasingly available in resource-limited parts of the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interactions between HIV1 Nef and Vacuolar ATPase Facilitate the Internalization of CD4
TL;DR: The Nef binding protein 1 (NBP1) is identified, which interacts specifically with Nef in vitro and in vivo and helps to connect Nef with the endocytic pathway.
Journal ArticleDOI
HIV-1 envelope triggers polyclonal Ig class switch recombination through a CD40-independent mechanism involving BAFF and C-type lectin receptors.
Bing He,Xugang Qiao,Per Johan Klasse,April Chiu,Amy Chadburn,Daniel M. Knowles,John P. Moore,Andrea Cerutti +7 more
TL;DR: It is shown that a subset of B cells binds gp120 through mannose C-type lectin receptors (MCLRs) and may elicit polyclonal IgG and IgA responses by linking the innate and adaptive immune systems through the B cell-activating factor of the TNF family.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection
TL;DR: Treatment of infected patients with ABT-538 causes plasma HIV-1 levels to decrease exponentially and CD4 lymphocyte counts to rise substantially, indicating that replication of HIV- 1 in vivo is continuous and highly productive, driving the rapid turnover ofCD4 lymphocytes.
Journal ArticleDOI
The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus
Angus Dalgleish,Peter C. L. Beverley,Paul R. Clapham,Dorothy H. Crawford,Mel Greaves,Robin A. Weiss +5 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that the CD4 antigen is an essential and specific component of the receptor for the causative agent of AIDS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
Xiping Wei,Sajal Ghosh,Maria E. Taylor,Victoria A. Johnson,Emilio A. Emini,Deutsch Paul J,Jeffrey D. Lifson,Sebastian Bonhoeffer,Martin A. Nowak,Beatrice H. Hahn,Michael S. Saag,George M. Shaw +11 more
TL;DR: Almost complete replacement of wild-type virus in plasma by drug-resistant variants occurs after fourteen days, indicating that HIV-1 viraemia is sustained primarily by a dynamic process involving continuous rounds of de novo virus infection and replication and rapid cell turnover.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β as the Major HIV-Suppressive Factors Produced by CD8+ T Cells
Fiorenza Cocchi,Anthony L. DeVico,Alfredo Garzino-Demo,Suresh K. Arya,Robert C. Gallo,Paolo Lusso +5 more
TL;DR: Recombinant human RANTES, Mip-1α, and MIP-1β induced a dose-dependent inhibition of different strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and may have relevance for the prevention and therapy of AIDS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome.
Richard A. Koup,Jeffrey T. Safrit,Yunzhen Cao,C. A. Andrews,G. Mcleod,William Borkowsky,C. Farthing,David D. Ho +7 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that cellular immunity is involved in the initial control of virus replication in primary HIV-1 infection and a role for CTL in protective immunity to HIV- 1 in vivo is indicated.