Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The driving force of biomass value-addition: Selective catalytic depolymerization of lignin to high-value chemicals
Quyang Tian,Piao Xu,Danlian Huang,Han Hua Wang,Ziwei Wang,Hong Qin,Yangzhuo He,Ruijin Li,Lingshi Yin,Sha Chen,Yin Zhao +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the potential of lignin as an emerging star for commercialization is discussed, and the limitations and potential solutions for lignIN depolymerization are proposed to present opportunities for future industrialization applications.
Value-added products by optimization of hydrothermal liquefaction of wastes
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with a number of liquefaction challenges including the development of multivariate models for prediction of outputs as a function of process parameters, improving the analytical characterization of liquid products, and design of batch systems and experimental procedures with control over all crucial process parameters.
DissertationDOI
Microbial catabolic pathways for complex aromatics
TL;DR: SG61-1L was found to degrade GGE significantly more rapidly than SYK-6, although the same pathway appeared to operate in both strains, and a phylogenetic analysis showed that the GGE dehydrogenase activity of the two strains was mainly confined to a particular subclade of classical short chain dehydrogenases but two enzymes from other clades of these dehydrationases were also found to have significant GGE activity.
Book ChapterDOI
Lignin Conversion to Carbon Fibre
TL;DR: In this paper, an important component of composite materials known for its wide range of tensile strengths and tensile modulus, corrosion resistance, good electrical and thermal conductivities and lightweight with a density between 1 and 3 g cm−3.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.