Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Progress toward Lignin Valorization via Selective Catalytic Technologies and the Tailoring of Biosynthetic Pathways
Rebecca E. Key,Joseph J. Bozell +1 more
TL;DR: The authors highlights advances within the last six years toward lignin valorization in the areas of thermochemical transformations, oxidations, reductions, and the tailoring of the Lignin biosynthetic pathway in an effort to produce high value chemicals and fuels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Renewable lignin-based carbon nanofiber as Ni catalyst support for depolymerization of lignin to phenols in supercritical ethanol/water
TL;DR: In this paper, Ni nanoparticles were inlaid in lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNF) to improve stability of the catalyst and adjust the interaction between the metal and its support.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biofuel Production Using Thermochemical Conversion of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Biomass (HMCB) Harvested from Phytoextraction Process
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent literature on sustainable phytoextraction of heavy metals from polluted soils is presented, and the possibility of the cost-efficient production of metal-free biofuels from contaminated plants and energy crops using thermochemical processes (pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and liquefaction) has been scrutinized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Continuous production of biohythane from hydrothermal liquefied cornstalk biomass via two-stage high-rate anaerobic reactors.
Buchun Si,Jiaming Li,Zhang Bing Zhu,Yuanhui Zhang,Jian Wen Lu,Rui Xia Shen,Chong Zhang,Chong Zhang,Xin Hui Xing,Xin Hui Xing,Zhidan Liu +10 more
TL;DR: A novel strategy for the continuous production of biohythane from cornstalk through the integration of HTL and two-stage fermentation that strengthened the biotransformation process, which resulted from the function of detoxification during biohydrogen production and enhanced acetogenesis during biomethane production.
Journal ArticleDOI
Heterogeneous selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) into 2,5-diformylfuran catalyzed by vanadium supported activated carbon in MIBK, extracting solvent for HMF
Churchil A. Antonyraj,Bora Kim,Bora Kim,Yong Jin Kim,Yong Jin Kim,Seunghan Shin,Seunghan Shin,Kwan Young Lee,Il Kim,Jin Ku Cho,Jin Ku Cho +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a heterogeneous selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) into 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) using molecular oxygen and vanadium catalyst onto activated carbon in MIBK, extracting solvent for HMF, is described.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.