Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrogenation of Lignin-Derived Feedstocks and Bio-oil using Active and Stable Ruthenium Catalyst
TL;DR: Ru-NC/SiO2-Al2O3 supported stable and reusable Ru nanoparticles in a green and sustainable manner is presented in this article , which shows excellent activity for the hydrogenation of lignin-derived functional phenols, including o, p, m-cresols, catechol, 4n-propylphenol, diphenyl ether, guaiacol, eugenol, and others.
DissertationDOI
An experimental study on solvent liquefaction
TL;DR: In this article, a 1 kg hr pilot plant was designed to evaluate the technical feasibility of a continuous hydrocarbon-based solvent-based solvent liquefaction (SL) process.
Journal ArticleDOI
Formation Mechanism of CH4 during Lignin Pyrolysis: A Theoretical Study
TL;DR: In this article, the formation mechanism of CH4 during the lignin pyrolysis process, 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenol was selected as the G-type lignIN monomer model compound.
Book ChapterDOI
Role of Substrate to Improve Biomass to Biofuel Production Technologies
Safoora Sadia,Javeria Bakhtawar,Muhammad Irfan,Hafiz Abdullah Shakir,Muhammad Tahir Khan,Shaukat Ali +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, different types of substrates and their role for the production and improvement of bio-fuels technology are discussed. And the authors classify bio-fuel production according to the type of substrate used, and yield is dependent on the pretreatment of substrate.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.