Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Review: Sustainable production of hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid: Challenges and opportunities
TL;DR: A review of the various reaction systems that have been developed to produce HMF and LA from various substrates has been looked at and their merits, demerits and requirements for commercialisation outlined in this article.
Journal ArticleDOI
Thermochemical conversion of lignin to functional materials: a review and future directions
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the current approaches and strategies for the thermochemical conversion of lignin to functional carbon materials is presented, where the transformation behavior and mechanism of Lignin during thermochemical process (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization) are illuminated.
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A review of advanced catalyst development for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons from biomass derived syn-gas
TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent developments in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts with regards to optimising catalyst activity and selectivity towards synthetic fuels is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Exploitation of Food Industry Waste for High-Value Products.
Rajeev Ravindran,Amit K. Jaiswal +1 more
TL;DR: Recent valorisation studies for food supply chain waste opens avenues to the production of biofuels, enzymes, bioactive compounds, biodegradable plastics, and nanoparticles among many other molecules.
Journal ArticleDOI
The path forward for lignocellulose biorefineries: Bottlenecks, solutions, and perspective on commercialization.
Anuj K. Chandel,Vijay Kumar Garlapati,Akhilesh Kumar Singh,Felipe Antonio Fernandes Antunes,Silvio Silvério da Silva +4 more
TL;DR: The concept of lignocellulose biorefinery, technical challenges for industrialization of renewable fuels and bulk chemicals and future directions are included.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.