Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading
Wouter Schutyser,Wouter Schutyser,Tom Renders,S. Van den Bosch,S.-F. Koelewijn,Gregg T. Beckham,Bert F. Sels +6 more
TL;DR: This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis.
Roberto Rinaldi,Robin Jastrzebski,Matthew T. Clough,John Ralph,Marco Kennema,Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx,Bert M. Weckhuysen +6 more
TL;DR: This review provides a “beginning‐to‐end” analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation, with particular emphasis on the improved understanding of lign in's biosynthesis and structure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates to Initial Platform Chemicals: Chemistry and Sustainability
TL;DR: Recent advances and developments in catalytic transformations of the carbohydrate content of lignocellulosic biomass to IPCs (i.e., ethanol, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, isoprene, succinic and levulinic acids, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) are overviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
An overview of advances in biomass gasification
Vineet Singh Sikarwar,Ming Zhao,Ming Zhao,Peter T. Clough,Joseph G. Yao,Xia Zhong,Mohammad Zaki Memon,Nilay Shah,Edward J. Anthony,Paul S. Fennell +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment on the fundamentals such as feedstock types, the impact of different operating parameters, tar formation and cracking, and modelling approaches for biomass gasification is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Carbon Fibers: Precursor Systems, Processing, Structure, and Properties
TL;DR: This Review gives an overview of precursor systems, their processing, and the final precursor-dependent structure of carbon fibers (CFs) including new developments in precursor systems for low-cost CFs.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Catalytic Hydrocracking of Pyrolytic Lignin to Liquid Fuel in Supercritical Ethanol
TL;DR: In this article, a rice husk was hydrocracked at 260 °C in supercritical ethanol under a hydrogen atmosphere by the use of Ru/ZrO2/SBA-15 or Ru/SO42−/ ZrO 2/Saba-15 catalyst, and a trace amount of tar or coke was produced after the hydrocracking process.
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Kinetics and reaction chemistry for slow pyrolysis of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin and organosolv extracted lignin derived from maplewood
TL;DR: In this article, a pyrolysis of Maplewood lignin was investigated using both a Pyroprobe reactor and a thermogravimetric analyser mass spectrometry (TGA-MS).
Journal ArticleDOI
Fast pyrolysis of lignins
Sedat H. Beis,Saikrishna Mukkamala,Nathan Hill,Jincy Joseph,Cirila Baker,Bruce L. Jensen,Elizabeth A. Stemmler,Clayton Wheeler,Brian G. Frederick,Adriaan van Heiningen,Alex Berg,William J. DeSisto +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, three lignins: Indulin AT, LignoboostTM, and Acetocell lignin, were characterized and pyrolyzed in a continuous-fed fast-pyrolysis process.
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Water density effect on lignin gasification over supported noble metal catalysts in supercritical water
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the gasification of lignin and 4-propylphenol over supported metal catalysts in supercritical water at 673 K. The results indicated that the first step (decomposition to low-molecular weight compounds) was enhanced by increasing the water density.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pyrolysis of Kraft Lignin with Additives
Haoxi Ben,Arthur J. Ragauskas +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis of softwood (SW) kraft lignin in the presence of NiCl2 and ZSM-5 zeolite as an additive was examined at 700 °C.