Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sustainable bioconversion of food waste into high-value products by immobilized enzymes to meet bio-economy challenges and opportunities - A review.
Muhammad Bilal,Hafiz M.N. Iqbal +1 more
TL;DR: An effort has been made to delineate immobilized enzyme-driven valorization of food waste streams into marketable products such as biofuels, bioactive compounds, biodegradable plastics, prebiotics, sweeteners, rare sugars, surfactants, etc.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass using the OrganoCat process
Philipp M. Grande,Philipp M. Grande,Jörn Viell,Nils Theyssen,Wolfgang Marquardt,Pablo Domínguez de María,Walter Leitner,Walter Leitner,Walter Leitner +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, a biphasic system comprising water and bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) as solvents and oxalic acid as catalyst at mild temperatures (up to 140 °C) is proposed for the fractionation of lignocellulose in its three main components, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose pulp.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lignin degradation under anaerobic digestion: Influence of lignin modifications -A review
TL;DR: The influence of lignin modifications pertaining to its degradation during anaerobic digestion, and the potential of these findings are discussed in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Preparation of Nanocapsules via the Self-Assembly of Kraft Lignin: A Totally Green Process with Renewable Resources
Hao Li,Hao Li,Yonghong Deng,Bo Liu,Yuan Ren,Jiaqi Liang,Yong Qian,Xueqing Qiu,Chunli Li,Dafeng Zheng +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, the hollow sphere feature of kraft lignin was confirmed from the results of various imaging techniques and laser light scattering techniques, and it was found that there is a higher percentage of ethanol enriched in the interior of the nanocapsules and the different KL fractions can be spontaneously distributed in the shells according to their hydrophilic-lipophilic sequence.
Journal ArticleDOI
Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Kraft Lignin With Conventional, Mesoporous and Nanosized ZSM-5 Zeolite for the Production of Alkyl-Phenols and Aromatics.
Polykarpos A. Lazaridis,Apostolos Fotopoulos,Stamatia A. Karakoulia,Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis +3 more
TL;DR: It was shown that the conventional microporous Z SM-5 zeolites are more selective toward mono-aromatics while the nano-sized and mesoporous ZSM-5 exhibited also high selectivity for (alkyl)phenols.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.