Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation reaction catalyzed by highly dispersed, single layered MoS2/C
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of the MoS2-based catalyst during guaiacol HDO reactions indicated its potential for upgrading of lignin, and the reusability test showed good catalyst stability after four catalytic cycles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lignin-Based Nanoparticles: A Review on Their Preparations and Applications.
TL;DR: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of preparation techniques which are involved in the fabrication of various lignin-based nanoparticles and their industrial applications in different fields such as drug delivery carriers, UV absorbents, hybrid nanocomposites, antioxidant agents, antibacterial agents, adsorbents for heavy metal ions and dyes, and anticorrosion nanofillers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Using 2D NMR to characterize the structure of the low and high molecular weight fractions of bio-oil obtained from LignoBoost (TM) kraft lignin depolymerized in subcritical water
Cecilia Mattsson,Sven-Ingvar Andersson,Tallal Belkheiri,Lars-Erik Åmand,Lars Olausson,Lennart Vamling,Hans Theliander +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, a multilevel analysis approach has been used for characterization of LignoBoostTM kraft lignin and bio-oil produced from LignBoostTM KRAFT Lignin using a process based on subcritical water (350 degrees C, 25 MPa).
Journal ArticleDOI
Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems
Xiaoyu Wu,Xiaoyu Wu,Junhua Jiang,Chongmin Wang,Jian Liu,Yunqiao Pu,Arthur J. Ragauskas,Arthur J. Ragauskas,Songmei Li,Bin Yang,Bin Yang,Bin Yang +11 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Fractionation and characterization of lignin from waste rice straw: Biomass surface chemical composition analysis.
TL;DR: These structural characterizations of lignin and biomass are beneficial for further processing in bio-refinery industry.
References
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Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.