Journal ArticleDOI
Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review
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TLDR
In this article, the authors assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers.Abstract:
Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible for two major global challenges: declining the fuel supply and increasing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals can be a part of the low-carbon solution to both issues. Among various biomass species, inedible biomass such as lignocellulosics is the preferred choice for such applications due to their minimal impact on the food security. While technologies for the conversion of carbohydrates to value-added materials such as pulp, sugar monomers, and ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading and valorization processes are significantly less-developed, and technical lignins are almost entirely burnt to generate heat and steam. The economic viability of biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts of lignin in future – can potentially improve significantly when advanced technologies are available that aid the conversion of lignin to value-added compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical processes can be used to isolate lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass, and subsequently convert it to liquid fuels, hydrogen, and aromatic monomers. To this end, different depolymerization, gasification and upgrading technologies for lignin conversion will be considered. Finally, the foreseeable applications of lignin-based products, the future directions for development, and the potential supportive interventions from policy makers are critically assessed.read more
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Fenton processes for AOX removal from a kraft pulp bleaching industrial wastewater: Optimisation of operating conditions and cost assessment
TL;DR: In this paper, response surface methodology was used to optimise Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for AOX removal from a kraft pulp mill bleaching wastewater, and the operational costs were determined for both processes, including chemical consumption and energy input.
Journal ArticleDOI
Enzymatic Specific Production and Chemical Functionalization of Phenylpropanone Platform Monomers from Lignin.
Yukari Ohta,Ryoichi Hasegawa,Kanako Kurosawa,Allyn H. Maeda,Toshio Koizumi,Hiroshi Nishimura,Hitomi Okada,Chen Qu,Kaori Saito,Takashi Watanabe,Yuji Hatada +10 more
TL;DR: This study successfully achieved highly specific synthesis of aromatic monomers with a phenylpropane structure directly from natural lignin using a cascade reaction of β‐O‐4‐cleaving bacterial enzymes in one pot.
Journal ArticleDOI
Oxidized Lignin Depolymerization using Formate Ionic Liquid as Catalyst and Solvent
TL;DR: In this article, the β-O-4 bonds in lignin were oxidized and then depolymerized by a recyclable ionic liquid, 2-hydroxy ethylammonium formate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Screening Solvents Based on Hansen Solubility Parameter Theory To Depolymerize Lignocellulosic Biomass Efficiently under Low Temperature
Quan Zhang,Xuesong Tan,Wen Wang,Qiang Yu,Qiong Wang,Changlin Miao,Ying Guo,Xinshu Zhuang,Zhenhong Yuan +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, ten solvents including water-soluble and water-insoluble (WIB) solvers were used to pretreat rice straw under facile conditions (110 °C, 60 min).
Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenolysis of biomass-based materials using FeNi catalysts and magnetic induction
Irene Mustieles Marin,Déborah de Masi,Lise-Marie Lacroix,Pier-Francesco Fazzini,Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen,Juan M. Asensio,Bruno Chaudret +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the activation of the C-O bond of several functional groups was studied FeNi3@Ni NPs, which act both as catalysts and magnetic heating agents, catalyzed the total conversion of furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural into respectively 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethy-lfuran under mild conditions (12 mol% catalyst, 3 bar H2, 49 mT).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of biomass were investigated using, respectively, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) detector and a pack bed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change
Tim Searchinger,Ralph E. Heimlich,Richard A. Houghton,Fengxia Dong,Amani Elobeid,Jacinto F. Fabiosa,Simla Tokgoz,Dermot J. Hayes,Tun-Hsiang Yu +8 more
TL;DR: This article found that corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubled greenhouse emissions over 30 years and increased greenhouse gases for 167 years, by using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate emissions from land-use change.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels
TL;DR: Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-basedBiofuels.
Book
Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.