Origin, Evolution, and Genotyping of Emergent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains in the United States
Yao-Wei Huang,Yao-Wei Huang,Allan W. Dickerman,Pablo Piñeyro,Long Li,Li Fang,Ross Kiehne,Tanja Opriessnig,Tanja Opriessnig,Xiang-Jin Meng +9 more
TLDR
The finding that the emergent U.S. PEDV strains share unique genetic features at the 5′-untranslated region with a bat coronavirus provided further support of the evolutionary origin of P EDV from bats and potential cross-species transmission.Abstract:
Coronaviruses are known to infect humans and other animals and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Here we report the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States and determination of its origin, evolution, and genotypes based on temporal and geographical evidence. Histological lesions in small intestine sections of affected pigs and the complete genomic sequences of three emergent strains of PEDV isolated from outbreaks in Minnesota and Iowa were characterized. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the three U.S. strains revealed a close relationship with Chinese PEDV strains and their likely Chinese origin. The U.S. PEDV strains underwent evolutionary divergence, which can be classified into two sublineages. The three emergent U.S. strains are most closely related to a strain isolated in 2012 from Anhui Province in China, which might be the result of multiple recombination events between different genetic lineages or sublineages of PEDV. Molecular clock analysis of the divergent time based on the complete genomic sequences is consistent with the actual time difference, approximately 2 to 3 years, of the PED outbreaks between China (December 2010) and the United States (May 2013). The finding that the emergent U.S. PEDV strains share unique genetic features at the 5′-untranslated region with a bat coronavirus provided further support of the evolutionary origin of PEDV from bats and potential cross-species transmission. The data from this study have important implications for understanding the ongoing PEDV outbreaks in the United States and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures against PEDV. IMPORTANCE The sudden emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus, for the first time in the United States causes significant economic and public health concerns. Since its recognition in May 2013, PEDV has rapidly spread across the United States, resulting in high mortality in piglets in more than 17 States now. The ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula and the historical deadly nature of the 2002 outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus create further anxiety over the emergence of PEDV in the United States due to the lack of scientific information about the origin and evolution of this emerging coronavirus. Here we report the detailed genetic characterization, origin, and evolution of emergent PEDV strains in the United States. The results provide much needed information to devise effective preventive and control strategies against PEDV in the United States.read more
Citations
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Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses
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TL;DR: The viral factors that enabled the emergence of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome are explored and the diversity and potential of bat-borne coronaviruses are highlighted.
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COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives.
Jiumeng Sun,Wan Ting He,Lifang Wang,Alexander Lai,Xiang Ji,Xiaofeng Zhai,Gairu Li,Marc A. Suchard,Jin Tian,Jiyong Zhou,Michael Veit,Shuo Su +11 more
TL;DR: It is proposed, based on the One Health model, that veterinarians and animal specialists should be involved in a cross-disciplinary collaboration in the fight against this epidemic, and suggest a low species barrier for transmission of the virus to farm animals.
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Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Ariane J. Brown,John J. Won,Rachel L. Graham,Kenneth H. Dinnon,Amy C. Sims,Joy Y. Feng,Tomas Cihlar,Mark R. Denison,Ralph S. Baric,Timothy P. Sheahan +9 more
TL;DR: The known breadth and antiviral activity of RDV is extended to include both contemporary human and highly divergent zoonotic CoV and potentially enhance the ability to fight future emerging CoV.
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus
TL;DR: It is hoped that this review will stimulate further basic and applied studies and encourage collaboration among producers, researchers, and swine veterinarians to provide answers that improve the understanding of PEDV and PED in an effort to eliminate this economically significant viral disease.
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