Journal ArticleDOI
Origin of Facilitation of Motor-Evoked Potentials After Paired Magnetic Stimulation: Direct Recording of Epidural Activity in Conscious Humans
V. Di Lazzaro,Fabio Pilato,Antonio Oliviero,Michele Dileone,E. Saturno,Paolo Mazzone,Angelo Insola,P. Profice,Federico Ranieri,Fioravante Capone,P.A. Tonali,Jc Rothwell +11 more
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TLDR
It is concluded that ICF occurs because either the conditioning stimulus has a (thus far undetected) effect on spinal cord excitability that increases its response to the same amplitude test volley or it can alter the composition (but not the amplitude) of the descending volleys set up by the test stimulus such that a larger proportion of the activity is destined for the target muscle.Abstract:
A magnetic transcranial conditioning stimulus given over the motor cortex at intensities below active threshold for obtaining motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) facilitates EMG responses evoked at rest in hand muscles by a suprathreshold magnetic stimulus given 10-25 ms later. This is known as intracortical facilitation (ICF). We recorded descending volleys produced by single and paired magnetic motor cortex stimulation through high cervical epidural electrodes implanted for pain relief in six conscious patients. At interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 10 and 15 ms, although MEP was facilitated, there was no change in the amplitude or number of descending volleys. An additional I wave sometimes was observed at 25 ms ISI. In one subject, we also evaluated the effects of reversing the direction of the induced current in the brain. At 10 ms ISI, the facilitation of the MEPs disappeared and was replaced by slight suppression; at 2 ms ISI, there was a pronounced facilitation of epidural volleys. Subsequent experiments on healthy subjects showed that a conditioning stimulus capable of producing ICF of MEPs had no effect on the EMG response evoked by transmastoidal electrical stimulation of corticospinal tract. We conclude that ICF occurs because either 1) the conditioning stimulus has a (thus far undetected) effect on spinal cord excitability that increases its response to the same amplitude test volley or 2) that it can alter the composition (but not the amplitude) of the descending volleys set up by the test stimulus such that a larger proportion of the activity is destined for the target muscle.read more
Citations
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Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application: An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee
Paolo Maria Rossini,David Burke,Robert Chen,L.G. Cohen,Zafiris J. Daskalakis,R. Di Iorio,V. Di Lazzaro,Florinda Ferreri,Florinda Ferreri,Paul B. Fitzgerald,Mark S. George,Mark Hallett,Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur,Berthold Langguth,Hideyuki Matsumoto,Carlo Miniussi,Michael A. Nitsche,Alvaro Pascual-Leone,Walter Paulus,Simone Rossi,John C. Rothwell,Hartwig R. Siebner,Yoshikazu Ugawa,Vincent Walsh,Ulf Ziemann +24 more
TL;DR: These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application” and include some recent extensions and developments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Variability in Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Motor Cortex
TL;DR: The effects of TDCS over the motor cortex on corticospinal excitability are tested and the large variability in response to these TDCS protocols is in line with similar studies using other forms of non-invasive brain stimulation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation
Giovanni Di Pino,Giovanni Pellegrino,Giovanni Assenza,Fioravante Capone,Florinda Ferreri,Domenico Formica,Federico Ranieri,Mario Tombini,Ulf Ziemann,John C. Rothwell,Vincenzo Di Lazzaro +10 more
TL;DR: A bimodal balance–recovery model is suggested that links interhemispheric balancing and functional recovery to the structural reserve spared by the lesion, which could enable NIBS to be tailored to the needs of individual patients.
Journal ArticleDOI
Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of cortical mechanisms involved in motor control
Janine Reis,Orlando B.C. Swayne,Yves Vandermeeren,M. Camus,Michael A. Dimyan,Michelle L. Harris-Love,Monica A. Perez,Patrick Ragert,John C. Rothwell,Leonardo G. Cohen +9 more
TL;DR: An up‐to‐date review of the available electrophysiological data and the impact on the understanding of human motor behaviour is presented and some of the gaps in the present knowledge as well as future directions of research are discussed in a format accessible to new students and/or investigators.
Journal ArticleDOI
The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee.
Robert Chen,Didier Cros,Antonio Currà,Vincenzo Di Lazzaro,Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur,Michel R. Magistris,Kerry R. Mills,Kai M. Rösler,William J. Triggs,Yoshikazu Ugawa,Ulf Ziemann +10 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that TMS measures have demonstrated diagnostic utility in myelopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis and have potential clinical utility in cerebellar disease, dementia, facial nerve disorders, movement disorders, stroke, epilepsy, migraine and chronic pain.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex.
T Kujirai,Maria D. Caramia,John C. Rothwell,Brian L. Day,Pd Thompson,A Ferbert,S Wroe,P. Asselman,C. D. Marsden +8 more
TL;DR: In ten normal volunteers, a transcranial magnetic or electric stimulus that was subthreshold for evoking an EMG response in relaxed muscles was used to condition responses evoked by a later, suprathreshold magnetic orElectric test shock to suggest that the suppression was produced by an action on cortical, rather than spinal excitability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee
Paolo Maria Rossini,A.T. Barker,Alfredo Berardelli,Maria D. Caramia,Giuseppe Caruso,Roger Q. Cracco,Milan R. Dimitrijevic,Mark Hallett,Yoichi Katayama,Carl Hermann Lücking,A. Maertens de Noordhout,C. D. Marsden,N. M. F. Murray,John C. Rothwell,Michael Swash,C. Tomberg +15 more
TL;DR: This year's jurors included A.M.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex.
TL;DR: It is suggested that subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation is capable of activating separate populations of excitatory and inhibitory interneurones in the motor cortex.
Journal ArticleDOI
Magnetic transcranial stimulation at intensities below active motor threshold activates intracortical inhibitory circuits
V. Di Lazzaro,Domenico Restuccia,A. Oliviero,Paolo Profice,L. Ferrara,Angelo Insola,Paolo Mazzone,P.A. Tonali,Jc Rothwell +8 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that a small conditioning magnetic stimulus can suppress the excitability of human motor cortex, probably by activating local cortico-cortical inhibitory circuits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intracortical facilitation and inhibition after transcranial magnetic stimulation in conscious humans
TL;DR: It is concluded that single TMS induced the triphasic changes of the motor cortex excitability in conscious humans that resulted in changes in EMG responses following paired TMS.