The advanced unified defect model for Schottky barrier formation

TLDR: In this article, the authors proposed an advanced unified defect model (AUDM) for GaAs, which is a refinement of the UDM proposed in 1979 to explain Fermi level pinning on 3-5 compounds due to metals or nonmetals.

Abstract: The advanced unified defect model (AUDM) for GaAs proposed in this paper can be looked upon as a refinement of the unified defect model (UDM) proposed in 1979 to explain Fermi level pinning on 3–5 compounds due to metals or nonmetals. The refinement lies in identifying the defect producing pinning at 0.75 and 0.5 eV above the valence band maximum as the AsGaantisite. Since the AsGaantisite is a double donor, a minority compensating acceptor is necessary. This is tentatively identified as the GaAsantisite. The concentration of As excess or deficiency due to processing or reactions at interfaces is particularly emphasized in this model. A wide range of experimental data is discussed in terms of this model and found to be in agreement with it. This includes the original data on which the UDM was based as well as more recent data including Fermi level pinning on the free-GaAs(100) molecular-beam epitaxy surface, Schottky barrier height for thick (∼ 1000 A) Ga films on GaAs, and the LaB6Schottky barrier height on GaAs(including thermal annealing effects). Of particular importance is the ability of this model to explain the changes in Schottky barrier height for Al and Au on GaAs due to thermal annealing and to relate these changes to interfacial chemistry.