The early endosome: a busy sorting station for proteins at the crossroads.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
The characteristics of early endosomes are discussed, their role in the regulation of endocytic transport, and their aberrant function in a variety of diseases are discussed.Abstract:
Endocytosis marks the entry of internalized receptors into the complex network of endocytic trafficking pathways. Endocytic vesicles are rapidly targeted to a distinct membrane-bound endocytic organelle referred to as the early endosome. Despite the existence of numerous internalization routes, early endosomes (EE) serve as a focal point of the endocytic pathway. Sorting events initiated at this compartment determine the subsequent fate of internalized proteins and lipids, destining them either for recycling to the plasma membrane, degradation in lysosomes or delivery to the trans-Golgi network. Sorting of endocytic cargo to the latter compartments is accomplished through the formation of distinct microdomains within early endosomes, through the coordinate recruitment and assembly of the sorting machinery. An elaborate network of interactions between endocytic regulatory proteins ensures synchronized sorting of cargo to microdomains followed by morphological changes at the early endosomal membranes. Consequently, the cargo targeted either for recycling back to the plasma membrane, or for retrograde transport to the trans-Golgi network, localizes to newly-formed tubular membranes. With a high ratio of membrane surface to lumenal volume, these tubules effectively concentrate the recycling cargo, ensuring efficient transport out of the EE. Conversely, receptors sorted for degradation cluster at the flat clathrin lattices involved in invaginations of the limiting membrane, associating with newly formed intralumenal vesicles. In this review we will discuss the characteristics of early endosomes, their role in the regulation of endocytic transport, and their aberrant function in a variety of diseases.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Endosome maturation: Endosome maturation
Jatta Huotari,Ari Helenius +1 more
TL;DR: The maturation programme entails a dramatic transformation of these dynamic organelles disconnecting them functionally and spatially from early endosomes and preparing them for their unidirectional role as a feeder pathway to lysosomes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell.
Shahed Behzadi,Vahid Serpooshan,Wei Tao,Majd A. Hamaly,Mahmoud Y. Alkawareek,Erik C. Dreaden,Dennis Brown,Alaaldin M. Alkilany,Omid C. Farokhzad,Omid C. Farokhzad,Morteza Mahmoudi,Morteza Mahmoudi +11 more
TL;DR: This review provides an objective and comprehensive account of the cellular uptake of NPs and the underlying parameters controlling the nano-cellular interactions, along with the available analytical techniques to follow and track these processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles.
TL;DR: This review attempts to shed light on some of the studies carried out on the different possible uptake pathways of nanoparticles and intracellular trafficking routes and the effect of physicochemical properties of nanoparticle such as size, shape, charge and surface chemistry in determining the mechanism of uptake and biological function of nanop particles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Extended-resolution structured illumination imaging of endocytic and cytoskeletal dynamics
Dong Li,Lin Shao,Bi-Chang Chen,Xi Zhang,Xi Zhang,Mingshu Zhang,Brian Moses,Daniel E. Milkie,Jordan R. Beach,John A. Hammer,Mithun Pasham,Tomas Kirchhausen,Michelle A. Baird,Michelle A. Baird,Michael W. Davidson,Pingyong Xu,Eric Betzig +16 more
TL;DR: Two approaches are used to improve the resolution of SIM to allow live cell imaging of dynamic cellular processes, including endocytosis and cytoskeleton remodeling, and it is demonstrated that the resolution for these methods is comparable with or better than other SR approaches yet allowed us to image at far higher speeds, and for far longer durations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rational design of smart supramolecular assemblies for gene delivery: Chemical challenges in the creation of artificial viruses
TL;DR: This tutorial review describes rational strategies in the design of polymeric materials to achieve construction of the versatile vehicles, that is "artificial viruses", for successful gene therapy, especially focusing on the chemical structures with the minimal adverse effects.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Regulated portals of entry into the cell
Sean D. Conner,Sandra L. Schmid +1 more
TL;DR: ‘Endocytosis’ encompasses several diverse mechanisms by which cells internalize macromolecules and particles into transport vesicles derived from the plasma membrane and must be viewed in a broader context than simple vesicular trafficking.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rab proteins as membrane organizers
Marino Zerial,Heidi M. McBride +1 more
TL;DR: Cellular organelles in the exocytic and endocytic pathways have a distinctive spatial distribution and communicate through an elaborate system of vesiculo-tubular transport.
Journal ArticleDOI
A specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002).
TL;DR: One such compound, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, LY294002, completely and specifically abolished PtdIns 3-kinase activity, which may be beneficial in the treatment of proliferative diseases as well as in elucidating the biological role of the kinase in cellular proliferation and growth factor response.
Journal ArticleDOI
Endocytosis and molecular sorting
TL;DR: This review attempts to integrate emerging concepts concerning the protein-based signals responsible for molecular sorting and the cytosolic complexes responsible for the decoding of these signals to present a more coherent picture of how the endocytic pathway is organized and how the intracellular transport of internalized membrane components is controlled.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rab Conversion as a Mechanism of Progression from Early to Late Endosomes
TL;DR: This work found that the level of Rab 5 dynamically fluctuates on individual early endosomes, linked by fusion and fission events into a network in time, and suggested Rab conversion as the mechanism of cargo progression between early and late endosome.