The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status.
Yan Rong Guo,Qing Dong Cao,Zhong Si Hong,Yuan Yang Tan,Shoudeng Chen,Hong Jun Jin,Kai Sen Tan,De Yun Wang,Yan Yan +8 more
TLDR
The latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 are summarized, and the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus are discussed.Abstract:
An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. As of 1 March 2020, a total of 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported by WHO. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host. The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and discussed the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.read more
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Impact of climatic, demographic and disease control factors on the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in large cities worldwide.
Soeren Metelmann,Karan Pattni,Liam Brierley,Lisa Cavalerie,Lisa Cavalerie,Cyril Caminade,Marcus S. C. Blagrove,Joanne Turner,Kieran J. Sharkey,Matthew Baylis +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was estimated using logistic growth curves fitted to cumulative case data.
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Bases genéticas y moleculares del COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): mecanismos de patogénesis y de respuesta inmune
Abstract: A fines de diciembre de 2019, un nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) fue identificado como el agente causal de una nueva enfermedad respiratoria llamada COVID-19 por la OMS Sus sintomas incluyen fiebre, tos seca y dificultad respiratoria Estos sintomas en general son leves, aunque, pueden ser fatales en adultos mayores y pacientes con comorbilidades Se realizo busqueda bibliografica en Pubmed y Clinical Key donde se seleccionaron 22 articulos de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusion SARS-CoV-2 pertenece al genero de los Betacoronavirus y tiene similitudes genomicas con SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV El virion de SARS-CoV-2 consta de una nucleocapside y de una envoltura externa compuesta por proteinas estructurales principales y accesorias Su material genetico consiste en una cadena de RNA monocatenario de polaridad positiva, en el que, se codifican proteinas importantes para su transcripcion y replicacion El mecanismo de infeccion de SARS-CoV-2 comienza con la union del virion a un receptor (ACE2) de la celula huesped y su posterior entrada por endocitosis El genoma RNA viral se libera al citoplasma donde se transcriben y se traducen las proteinas necesarias para la produccion de las proteinas estructurales y para la replicacion de su material genetico Posteriormente, el RNA replicado se asocia con la nucleocapside y se ensambla junto con las proteinas estructurales para conformar las particulas viricas que seran liberadas de la celula infectada El sistema inmune hace frente a la infeccion viral mediante el reconocimiento de patrones moleculares asociados a patogenos (PAMPs) por parte de la inmunidad innata y por la accion de los linfocitos T y B por parte de la inmunidad humoral El conocimiento de las bases geneticas y moleculares de SARS-CoV-2 permite visualizar la posibilidad de establecer tratamientos farmacologicos o desarrollo de vacunas para controlar y disminuir los efectos patogenicos de la enfermedad In late December 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as a causative agent of a new respiratory disease called COVID-19 by WHO Its symptoms include fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath Generally, these symptoms are mild, although, can be fatal in older adults and patients with comorbidities A bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed and Clinical Key 22 articles were selected according to inclusion criteria SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus of Betacoronaviruses and has genomic similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-2 virion is made up of a nucleocapsid and external envelope composed of main structural and accesory proteins Its genetic is a positive sense single stranded RNA in which important proteins are encoded for their transcription and replication The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection begins with the binding of the virion to (ACE2) receptor of the host cell and subsequent entry by endocytosis This RNA genome is released into cytoplasm and the necessary proteins for the production of structural proteins and the replication of genetic material are transcribed and translated Then, the replicated RNA associates with the nucleocapsid and assembles together with the structural proteins to form the viral particles that will be released from the infected cell The immune system faces viral infection through the recognition of molecular patterns associated with pathogens (PAMPs) by innate immunity and the action of T cells and B cells by humoral immunity Knowledge of the genetic and molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 allows us to visualize the possibility of establishing pharmacological or vaccine treatments to control and reduce the pathogenic effects of the disease
Journal ArticleDOI
The Prevalence and Impact of Coinfection and Superinfection on the Severity and Outcome of COVID-19 Infection: An Updated Literature Review
Samya A. Omoush,Jihad Alzyoud +1 more
TL;DR: The present literature review is conducted to provide updated evidence regarding the prevalence of coinfection and superinfection amongst patients with SARS-CoV-2, possible mechanisms underlying the higher risk of coinsure and super Infection, and the impact of coinsurance andsuperinfection on the outcomes of patients with COVID-19.
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Therapeutic Potentials of Antiviral Plants Used in Traditional African Medicine With COVID-19 in Focus: A Nigerian Perspective
Alfred Francis Attah,Adeshola Adebayo Fagbemi,Olujide O. Olubiyi,H O Dada-Adegbola,Akinseinde Oluwadotun,Anthony A. Elujoba,Chinedum P. Babalola +6 more
TL;DR: A detailed review of publicly available data, information and claims on the potentials of indigenous plants used in Sub-Saharan Africa as antiviral remedies with potentials for the prevention and management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is presented in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Protease-activated receptor 1 as a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19.
TL;DR: The potential role of PAR1 inhibition and regulation in COVID-19 treatment is discussed and it is suggested that protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR1) is the main thrombin receptor and may represent an essential link between coagulation and inflammation in the pathophysiology of CO VID-19.
References
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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
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A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Peng Zhou,Xing-Lou Yang,Xian Guang Wang,Ben Hu,Lei Zhang,Wei Zhang,Hao Rui Si,Yan Zhu,Bei Li,Chao Lin Huang,Hui-Dong Chen,Jing Chen,Yun Luo,Hua Guo,Ren Di Jiang,Meiqin Liu,Ying Chen,Xu Rui Shen,Xi Wang,Xiao Shuang Zheng,Kai Zhao,Quanjiao Chen,Fei Deng,Lin Lin Liu,Bing Yan,Fa Xian Zhan,Yan-Yi Wang,Gengfu Xiao,Zhengli Shi +28 more
TL;DR: Identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China, and it is shown that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV, indicates that the virus is related to a bat coronav virus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China.
Dawei Wang,Bo Hu,Chang Hu,Fangfang Zhu,Xing Liu,Jing Zhang,Binbin Wang,Hui Xiang,Zhenshun Cheng,Yong Xiong,Yan Zhao,Yirong Li,Xinghuan Wang,Zhiyong Peng +13 more
TL;DR: The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and hospital-associated transmission as the presumed mechanism of infection for affected health professionals and hospitalized patients are described.
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