Journal ArticleDOI
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
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TLDR
Recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease are described.Abstract:
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.read more
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Signal transduction and epigenetic mechanisms in the control of microglia activation during neuroinflammation.
TL;DR: This review focuses on the function of "master regulators" and epigenetic mechanisms in microglia activation during neuroinflammation, and studies showing impact of epigenetic enzyme inhibitors on microglian activation in vitro and in vivo, and critically discuss potential of such molecules to prevent/moderate pathological events mediated by microglIA under brain pathologies.
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Impaired Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 signaling: from chronic viral infections to cancer.
TL;DR: The limited responsiveness of pDCs might contribute to reduced innate immune responses during chronic viral infections and oncogenesis, and represent a target for new therapeutic approaches based on TLR agonists.
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The TRAF-associated protein TANK facilitates cross-talk within the IκB kinase family during Toll-like receptor signaling
TL;DR: A key role for TANK is demonstrated in enabling the canonical IKKs and the IKK-related kinases to regulate each other, which is required to limit the strength of TLR signaling and ultimately, prevent autoimmunity.
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The Immune Response to Acute Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Associated Post-stroke Immunodepression: A Focused Review
TL;DR: A better understanding of the intricate and complex events that take place following immune response activation, to acute cerebral ischemia, is imperative for the development of effective novel immunomodulatory therapies for the treatment of acute stroke.
Journal ArticleDOI
Collagen Membrane and Immune Response in Guided Bone Regeneration: Recent Progress and Perspectives.
TL;DR: The ability to modulate macrophage polarization and mediate the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory microenvironments, immune-responsive collagen membranes may be an innovative strategy for promoting bone regeneration.
References
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Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
TL;DR: New insights into innate immunity are changing the way the way the authors think about pathogenesis and the treatment of infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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Innate Immune Recognition
TL;DR: Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses to antigens derived from microbial pathogens to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self.
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Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity.
TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.
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NF-κB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses
TL;DR: A role is proposed for miR-146 in control of Toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling through a negative feedback regulation loop involving down-regulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor- associated factor 6 protein levels.
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The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body
TL;DR: The role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease are discussed.