Journal ArticleDOI
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
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TLDR
Recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease are described.Abstract:
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.read more
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Negative regulation of TLR signaling in myeloid cells--implications for autoimmune diseases.
Jessica A. Hamerman,Jessica A. Hamerman,Jessica Pottle,Minjian Ni,Yantao He,Zhong Yin Zhang,Jane H. Buckner +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight three pathways that participate in inhibition of TLR responses in macrophages and dendritic cells, and their implications in autoimmunity; A20, encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene, Lyp encoded by PTPN22 gene, and the BCAP/PI3K pathway.
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Autophagy in Alcohol‐Induced Liver Diseases
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role and implications of autophagy in alcohol-induced liver disease and suggests that survival and preservation of cellular integrity at the expense of inadequately folded proteins and damaged high-energy generating intracellular organelles are prominent targets of autophile in pathological conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
RNA mediated toll-like receptor stimulation in health and disease
Alexander H. Dalpke,Mark Helm +1 more
TL;DR: This review gives a general overview over the underlying concepts of nucleic acid sensing by Toll-like receptors, focusing on bacterial RNA and synthetic RNA oligomers.
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Inhibiting neuroinflammation: The role and therapeutic potential of GABA in neuro-immune interactions.
TL;DR: Evidence that inflammation induces changes in the GABA neurotransmitter system in the CNS and that GABAergic signalling exerts a reciprocal influence over neuroinflammatory processes are reviewed to support the hypothesis that the GABA system is a potential therapeutic target in the modulation of central inflammation.
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Similar Structures but Different Roles – An Updated Perspective on TLR Structures
TL;DR: This review highlights the importance of central convergence to bring the two intracellular receptor TIR domains closer together and promote their dimerization, which serves as an essential step in downstream signaling.
References
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Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
TL;DR: New insights into innate immunity are changing the way the way the authors think about pathogenesis and the treatment of infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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Innate Immune Recognition
TL;DR: Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses to antigens derived from microbial pathogens to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self.
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Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity.
TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.
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NF-κB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses
TL;DR: A role is proposed for miR-146 in control of Toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling through a negative feedback regulation loop involving down-regulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor- associated factor 6 protein levels.
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The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body
TL;DR: The role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease are discussed.