Journal ArticleDOI
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
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TLDR
Recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease are described.Abstract:
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.read more
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NF-κB signaling in inflammation
TL;DR: This review will discuss the activation and function of NF-κB in association with inflammatory diseases and highlight the development of therapeutic strategies based on NF-σB inhibition.
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The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status.
Yan Rong Guo,Qing Dong Cao,Zhong Si Hong,Yuan Yang Tan,Shoudeng Chen,Hong Jun Jin,Kai Sen Tan,De Yun Wang,Yan Yan +8 more
TL;DR: The latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 are summarized, and the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toll-like Receptors and Their Crosstalk with Other Innate Receptors in Infection and Immunity
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
TL;DR: The role played by TLRs in mounting protective immune responses against infection and their crosstalk with other PRRs with respect to pathogen recognition is focused on.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.
Takumi Kawasaki,Taro Kawai +1 more
TL;DR: Recent progress is described in the understanding of TLR signaling regulation and its contributions to host defense.
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Pathogen Recognition by the Innate Immune System
TL;DR: In this review, a comprehensively review the recent progress in the field of PAMP recognition by PRRs and the signaling pathways activated byPRRs.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Crystal Structure of the TLR1-TLR2 Heterodimer Induced by Binding of a Tri-Acylated Lipopeptide
Mi Sun Jin,Sung-Eun Kim,Jin Young Heo,Mi Eun Lee,Ho Min Kim,Sang-Gi Paik,Hayyoung Lee,Jie-Oh Lee +7 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that formation of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer brings the intracellular TIR domains close to each other to promote dimerization and initiate signaling.
Journal ArticleDOI
TRAM couples endocytosis of Toll-like receptor 4 to the induction of interferon-beta.
Jonathan C. Kagan,Tian Su,Tiffany Horng,Tiffany Horng,Amy Y. M. Chow,Amy Y. M. Chow,Shizuo Akira,Ruslan Medzhitov +7 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that TLR4 first induces TIRAP-MyD88 signaling at the plasma membrane and is then endocytosed and activates TRAM-TRIF signaling from early endosomes, emphasizing a unifying theme in innate immune recognition whereby all type I interferon–inducing receptors signal from an intracellular location.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of Oxidative Stress and Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling as a Key Pathway of Acute Lung Injury
Yumiko Imai,Keiji Kuba,Keiji Kuba,G. Greg Neely,Rubina Yaghubian-Malhami,Thomas Perkmann,Geert van Loo,Maria A. Ermolaeva,Maria A. Ermolaeva,Ruud A. W. Veldhuizen,Y.H. Connie Leung,Hongliang Wang,Haolin Liu,Yang Sun,Manolis Pasparakis,Manolis Pasparakis,Manfred Kopf,Christin Mech,Sina Bavari,J. S. Malik Peiris,Arthur S. Slutsky,Shizuo Akira,Malin Hultqvist,Rikard Holmdahl,John M. Nicholls,Chengyu Jiang,Christoph J. Binder,Josef M. Penninger +27 more
TL;DR: It is reported that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutant mice display natural resistance to acid-induced acute lung injury (ALI), and it is shown that TLR4-TRIF-TRAF6 signaling is a key disease pathway that controls the severity of ALI.
Journal ArticleDOI
The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses.
Vijay A. K. Rathinam,Zhaozhao Jiang,Stephen N. Waggoner,Shrutie Sharma,Leah E. Cole,Lisa Waggoner,Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja,Brian G. Monks,Sandhya Ganesan,Eicke Latz,Veit Hornung,Stefanie N. Vogel,Eva Szomolanyi-Tsuda,Katherine A. Fitzgerald +13 more
TL;DR: A central role is identified in regulating caspase-1-dependent maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, as well as pyroptosis, in response to synthetic double-stranded DNA, demonstrating the importance of AIM2 in the sensing of both bacterial and viral pathogens and in triggering innate immunity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trex1 Prevents Cell-Intrinsic Initiation of Autoimmunity
TL;DR: It is shown that single-stranded DNA derived from endogenous retroelements accumulates in Trex1-deficient cells, and thatTrex1 can metabolize reverse-transcribed DNA, and suggest an unanticipated contribution of endogenous Retroelements to autoimmunity.