Journal ArticleDOI
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
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TLDR
Recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease are described.Abstract:
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Ecological Hypothesis of Dentin and Root Caries.
Nobuhiro Takahashi,Bente Nyvad +1 more
TL;DR: The detection of proteolytic/amino acid-degrading bacteria and bacterial metabolites in dentin and root caries suggests a bacterial digestion and metabolism of partly degraded matrix, which might induce pulpitis as an inflammatory/immunomodulatory factor.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cutaneous Na(+) storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense
Jonathan Jantsch,Jonathan Jantsch,Valentin Schatz,Valentin Schatz,Diana Friedrich,Agnes Schröder,Christoph W. Kopp,Isabel Siegert,Andreas Maronna,David Wendelborn,Peter Linz,Katrina J. Binger,Matthias Gebhardt,Matthias Heinig,Matthias Heinig,Patrick Neubert,Fabian Fischer,Stefan Teufel,Stefan Teufel,Jean-Pierre David,Jean-Pierre David,Clemens Neufert,Alexander Cavallaro,Natalia Rakova,Christoph Küper,F. X. Beck,Wolfgang Neuhofer,Dominik N. Müller,Gerold Schuler,Michael Uder,Christian Bogdan,Friedrich C. Luft,Friedrich C. Luft,Jens Titze,Jens Titze +34 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that the hypertonic microenvironment could serve as a barrier to infection and increase Na(+) content in the skin by a high-salt diet boosted activation of macrophages in a Nfat5-dependent manner and promoted cutaneous antimicrobial defense.
Journal ArticleDOI
STAT3-Driven Upregulation of TLR2 Promotes Gastric Tumorigenesis Independent of Tumor Inflammation
Hazel Tye,Catherine Kennedy,Meri Najdovska,Louise McLeod,William McCormack,Norman R. Hughes,Anouk Dev,William Sievert,Chia Huey Ooi,Tomo-o Ishikawa,Hiroko Oshima,Prithi S. Bhathal,Andrew E. Parker,Masanobu Oshima,Patrick Tan,Patrick Tan,Brendan J. Jenkins +16 more
TL;DR: An unexpected role for TLR2 in the oncogenic function of STAT3 that may represent a therapeutic target in GC is revealed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toll-like receptor recognition of bacteria in fish: ligand specificity and signal pathways.
TL;DR: In-depth studies should be continuously performed to identify the ligand specificity of all TLRs in fish, particularly non-mammalian TLRs, and their signaling pathways.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intrauterine infection and preterm labor
TL;DR: Now that the molecular mechanisms linking infection and labor have been elucidated, the challenge is to identify points of overlap with non-infectious causes of labor and to find intervention strategies that can minimize the negative impact of preterm delivery.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
TL;DR: New insights into innate immunity are changing the way the way the authors think about pathogenesis and the treatment of infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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Innate Immune Recognition
TL;DR: Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses to antigens derived from microbial pathogens to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self.
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Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity.
TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.
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NF-κB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses
TL;DR: A role is proposed for miR-146 in control of Toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling through a negative feedback regulation loop involving down-regulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor- associated factor 6 protein levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body
TL;DR: The role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease are discussed.