Journal ArticleDOI
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
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TLDR
Recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease are described.Abstract:
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses pathogen invasion, triggers innate immune responses and primes antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are critical for host defense, it has become apparent that loss of negative regulation of TLR signaling, as well as recognition of self molecules by TLRs, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Here we describe the recent advances that have been made by research into the role of TLR biology in host defense and disease.read more
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The Role of Interferons in Inflammation and Inflammasome Activation.
TL;DR: In the present review, recent findings regarding the cross talk of IFNs and inflammasomes are summarized and analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Virus infection triggers widespread silencing of host genes by a distinct class of endogenous siRNAs in Arabidopsis
Mengji Cao,Peng Du,Xian-Bing Wang,Yun-Qi Yu,Yan-Hong Qiu,Wan-Xiang Li,Amit Gal-On,Changyong Zhou,Yi Li,Shou-Wei Ding +9 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that antiviral RNAi activates broad-spectrum antiviral activity via widespread silencing of host genes directed by vasiRNAs in addition to specific antiviral defense by viral siRNAs.
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Eubiosis and dysbiosis: the two sides of the microbiota
Valerio Iebba,Valentina Totino,Antonella Gagliardi,Floriana Santangelo,Fatima Cacciotti,Maria Trancassini,Carlo Mancini,Clelia Cicerone,Enrico Corazziari,Fabrizio Pantanella,Serena Schippa +10 more
TL;DR: The microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract is characterized by a great number of microbial species living in balance by adopting mutualistic strategies, and eubiosis and dysbiosis status: the two sides of the microbiota.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interferon regulatory factors: at the crossroads of immunity, metabolism, and disease
TL;DR: An update on the recent progress regarding the regulation of immune responses and immune cell development associated with IRFs is provided and the relationships between IRFs and immunity, metabolism, and disease are discussed, with a particular focus on the role of IRFs as stress sensors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toll-like receptor 10 is involved in induction of innate immune responses to influenza virus infection.
Suki M. Y. Lee,Kin-Hang Kok,Martial Jaume,Timothy K. W. Cheung,Tsz-Fung Yip,Jimmy C. C. Lai,Yi Guan,Robert G. Webster,Dong-Yan Jin,J. S. Malik Peiris +9 more
TL;DR: Using influenza virus infection in primary human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and a human monocytic cell line, previously unidentified evidence that TLR10 plays a role in innate immune responses following viral infection is provided.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
TL;DR: New insights into innate immunity are changing the way the way the authors think about pathogenesis and the treatment of infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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Innate Immune Recognition
TL;DR: Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors helps to direct adaptive immune responses to antigens derived from microbial pathogens to distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self.
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Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity.
TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.
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NF-κB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses
TL;DR: A role is proposed for miR-146 in control of Toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling through a negative feedback regulation loop involving down-regulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor- associated factor 6 protein levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body
TL;DR: The role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease are discussed.