Journal ArticleDOI
The skin: an indispensable barrier
TLDR
Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis.Abstract:
The skin forms an effective barrier between the organism and the environment preventing invasion of pathogens and fending off chemical and physical assaults, as well as the unregulated loss of water and solutes In this review we provide an overview of several components of the physical barrier, explaining how barrier function is regulated and altered in dermatoses The physical barrier is mainly localized in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of protein-enriched cells (corneocytes with cornified envelope and cytoskeletal elements, as well as corneodesmosomes) and lipid-enriched intercellular domains The nucleated epidermis also contributes to the barrier through tight, gap and adherens junctions, as well as through desmosomes and cytoskeletal elements During epidermal differentiation lipids are synthesized in the keratinocytes and extruded into the extracellular domains, where they form extracellular lipid-enriched layers The cornified cell envelope, a tough protein/lipid polymer structure, resides below the cytoplasmic membrane on the exterior of the corneocytes Ceramides A and B are covalently bound to cornified envelope proteins and form the backbone for the subsequent addition of free ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol in the SC Filaggrin is cross-linked to the cornified envelope and aggregates keratin filaments into macrofibrils Formation and maintenance of barrier function is influenced by cytokines, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis A disturbed skin barrier is important for the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, psoriasis and atopic dermatitisread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Colonization With Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Attempts to Reveal the Unknown.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the data on the prevalence of S. aureus in general in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, and the presence of specific clones that might be associated with flares of eczema.
Journal ArticleDOI
The effect of skin fatty acids on Staphylococcus aureus
Yvonne Neumann,Knut Ohlsen,Stefanie Donat,Susanne Engelmann,Harald Kusch,Dirk Albrecht,Michaël L. Cartron,Alexander F. Hurd,Simon J. Foster +8 more
TL;DR: It is shown that sub-MIC levels of C-6-H result in induction of increased resistance and the effect on toxin production is likely mediated via SaeRS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Skin Microbiome: An Actor in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis.
Wen-Ming Wang,Hongzhong Jin +1 more
TL;DR: These studies reveal not only the genetic influence on psoriasis but also that nongenetic factors are important in the pathogenesis of Psoriasis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interleukin-28 and interleukin-29: novel regulators of skin biology.
TL;DR: IL-28/IL-29 may play an important role in the skin in the clearance of viral and microbial infections and in the removal of tumors, and can act synergistically with other mediators secreted during DC maturation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae): potential as an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent.
Cintia Delai da Silva Horinouchi,Daniel Augusto Gasparin Bueno Mendes,Bruna da Silva Soley,Evelise Fernandes Pietrovski,Valdir Alves Facundo,Adair R.S. Santos,Daniela Almeida Cabrini,Michel Fleith Otuki +7 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that the extract from flowers of Combretum leprosum could be considered as a new potential tool for the treatment of several skin inflammatory diseases since it reversed the skin inflammatory and hyperproliferative process in a very significant manner.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis
Colin N. A. Palmer,Alan D. Irvine,Ana Terron-Kwiatkowski,Yiwei Zhao,Haihui Liao,Simon P. Lee,David Goudie,Aileen Sandilands,Linda E. Campbell,Frances J.D. Smith,Grainne M. O'Regan,Rosemarie Watson,Jo E Cecil,Sherri J. Bale,John G. Compton,John J. DiGiovanna,John J. DiGiovanna,Philip Fleckman,Sue Lewis-Jones,Gehan Arseculeratne,Ann Sergeant,Colin S. Munro,Brahim El Houate,Ken McElreavey,Liselotte Brydensholt Halkjaer,Hans Bisgaard,Somnath Mukhopadhyay,Somnath Mukhopadhyay,W.H. Irwin McLean +28 more
TL;DR: It is shown that two independent loss-of-function genetic variants (R510X and 2282del4) in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) are very strong predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin
TL;DR: New insights into the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of cornification are increasing the understanding of the pathological defects of this unique form of programmed cell death, which is associated with barrier malfunctions and ichthyosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier a lesson from claudin-1–deficient mice
Mikio Furuse,Masaki Hata,Kyoko Furuse,Yoko Yoshida,Akinori Haratake,Yoshinobu Sugitani,Tetsuo Noda,Tetsuo Noda,Akiharu Kubo,Shoichiro Tsukita +9 more
TL;DR: Findings provide the first evidence that continuous claudin-based TJs occur in the epidermis and that these TJs are crucial for the barrier function of the mammalian skin.
Journal ArticleDOI
Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport.
TL;DR: Information is reviewed on the structure, function, and transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the claudin family as well as of their evolutionarily distant relatives called the PMP22/EMP/MP20/claudin, or pfam00822, superfamily.
Journal ArticleDOI
Barrier Function of the Skin: “La Raison d'Être” of the Epidermis
TL;DR: More sophisticated understanding of epidermal barrier function will lead to more rational therapy of a host of skin conditions in which the barrier is impaired, current work has focused on developing a more physiologic mix of lipids for topical application to skin.
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Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis
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