Journal ArticleDOI
The skin: an indispensable barrier
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TLDR
Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis.Abstract:
The skin forms an effective barrier between the organism and the environment preventing invasion of pathogens and fending off chemical and physical assaults, as well as the unregulated loss of water and solutes In this review we provide an overview of several components of the physical barrier, explaining how barrier function is regulated and altered in dermatoses The physical barrier is mainly localized in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of protein-enriched cells (corneocytes with cornified envelope and cytoskeletal elements, as well as corneodesmosomes) and lipid-enriched intercellular domains The nucleated epidermis also contributes to the barrier through tight, gap and adherens junctions, as well as through desmosomes and cytoskeletal elements During epidermal differentiation lipids are synthesized in the keratinocytes and extruded into the extracellular domains, where they form extracellular lipid-enriched layers The cornified cell envelope, a tough protein/lipid polymer structure, resides below the cytoplasmic membrane on the exterior of the corneocytes Ceramides A and B are covalently bound to cornified envelope proteins and form the backbone for the subsequent addition of free ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol in the SC Filaggrin is cross-linked to the cornified envelope and aggregates keratin filaments into macrofibrils Formation and maintenance of barrier function is influenced by cytokines, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis A disturbed skin barrier is important for the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, psoriasis and atopic dermatitisread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function
Hanna Niehues,Joke A. Bouwstra,Abdoel Waheb El Ghalbzouri,Johanna M. Brandner,Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen,Ellen H. van den Bogaard +5 more
TL;DR: During the last years, enormous effort was made on optimizing 3D skin models to better mimic the in vivo composition of the skin, by fine‐tuning cell culture media, culture conditions and including additional cells and tissue components, and in vitro barrier formation and function has been improved significantly.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from fish epidermis: perspectives for investigative dermatology.
Sebastian Rakers,Lars Niklasson,Dieter Steinhagen,Charli Kruse,Jürgen Schauber,Kristina Sundell,Ralf Paus +6 more
TL;DR: Light is cast on fish mucus, the evolutionary relationship between human and fish AMPs, and the latter's antibacterial, antifungal, and even antiviral activities, which develops dermatological lessons from, and sketches potential future clinical applications of,Fish mucus and piscine AMPs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Conductive Self-Healing Nanocomposite Hydrogel Skin Sensors with Antifreezing and Thermoresponsive Properties.
TL;DR: In this paper, conductive nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) were delicately designed and prepared via gelation of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA)-based monomers in a glycerol-water cosolvent, where inorganic clay served as the physical crosslinker and provided conductive ions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Tight junction dysfunction in the stratum granulosum leads to aberrant stratum corneum barrier function in claudin-1-deficient mice.
Tomoko Sugawara,Noriko Iwamoto,Masaya Akashi,Taro Kojima,Junzo Hisatsune,Motoyuki Sugai,Mikio Furuse +6 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that TJs in the SG play crucial roles in the complete SC formation and SC barrier function.
Journal ArticleDOI
The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
Atsushi Otsuka,Takashi Nomura,Pawinee Rerknimitr,Pawinee Rerknimitr,Judith A. Seidel,Tetsuya Honda,Kenji Kabashima,Kenji Kabashima +7 more
TL;DR: This review summarizes the etiopathogenesis of AD and provides the rationale for selecting a novel targeted therapy, Dupilumab, which has recently been developed for AD treatment.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis
Colin N. A. Palmer,Alan D. Irvine,Ana Terron-Kwiatkowski,Yiwei Zhao,Haihui Liao,Simon P. Lee,David Goudie,Aileen Sandilands,Linda E. Campbell,Frances J.D. Smith,Grainne M. O'Regan,Rosemarie Watson,Jo E Cecil,Sherri J. Bale,John G. Compton,John J. DiGiovanna,John J. DiGiovanna,Philip Fleckman,Sue Lewis-Jones,Gehan Arseculeratne,Ann Sergeant,Colin S. Munro,Brahim El Houate,Ken McElreavey,Liselotte Brydensholt Halkjaer,Hans Bisgaard,Somnath Mukhopadhyay,Somnath Mukhopadhyay,W.H. Irwin McLean +28 more
TL;DR: It is shown that two independent loss-of-function genetic variants (R510X and 2282del4) in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) are very strong predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin
TL;DR: New insights into the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of cornification are increasing the understanding of the pathological defects of this unique form of programmed cell death, which is associated with barrier malfunctions and ichthyosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier a lesson from claudin-1–deficient mice
Mikio Furuse,Masaki Hata,Kyoko Furuse,Yoko Yoshida,Akinori Haratake,Yoshinobu Sugitani,Tetsuo Noda,Tetsuo Noda,Akiharu Kubo,Shoichiro Tsukita +9 more
TL;DR: Findings provide the first evidence that continuous claudin-based TJs occur in the epidermis and that these TJs are crucial for the barrier function of the mammalian skin.
Journal ArticleDOI
Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport.
TL;DR: Information is reviewed on the structure, function, and transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the claudin family as well as of their evolutionarily distant relatives called the PMP22/EMP/MP20/claudin, or pfam00822, superfamily.
Journal ArticleDOI
Barrier Function of the Skin: “La Raison d'Être” of the Epidermis
TL;DR: More sophisticated understanding of epidermal barrier function will lead to more rational therapy of a host of skin conditions in which the barrier is impaired, current work has focused on developing a more physiologic mix of lipids for topical application to skin.
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Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis
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