Journal ArticleDOI
The skin: an indispensable barrier
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TLDR
Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis.Abstract:
The skin forms an effective barrier between the organism and the environment preventing invasion of pathogens and fending off chemical and physical assaults, as well as the unregulated loss of water and solutes In this review we provide an overview of several components of the physical barrier, explaining how barrier function is regulated and altered in dermatoses The physical barrier is mainly localized in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of protein-enriched cells (corneocytes with cornified envelope and cytoskeletal elements, as well as corneodesmosomes) and lipid-enriched intercellular domains The nucleated epidermis also contributes to the barrier through tight, gap and adherens junctions, as well as through desmosomes and cytoskeletal elements During epidermal differentiation lipids are synthesized in the keratinocytes and extruded into the extracellular domains, where they form extracellular lipid-enriched layers The cornified cell envelope, a tough protein/lipid polymer structure, resides below the cytoplasmic membrane on the exterior of the corneocytes Ceramides A and B are covalently bound to cornified envelope proteins and form the backbone for the subsequent addition of free ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol in the SC Filaggrin is cross-linked to the cornified envelope and aggregates keratin filaments into macrofibrils Formation and maintenance of barrier function is influenced by cytokines, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis A disturbed skin barrier is important for the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, psoriasis and atopic dermatitisread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Association between domestic water hardness, chlorine, and atopic dermatitis risk in early life: A population-based cross-sectional study
Michael R. Perkin,Joanna Craven,Kirsty Logan,David P. Strachan,Tom Marrs,Suzana Radulovic,Linda E. Campbell,Stephanie F. MacCallum,W.H. Irwin McLean,Gideon Lack,Carsten Flohr,Carsten Flohr,Louise Young,Victoria Offord,Mary DeSousa,Jason Cullen,Katherine Taylor,Anna Tseng,Bunmi Raji,Sarah Nesbeth,Gillian Regis,Charlie Bigwood,Charlotte Stedman,Sharon Tonner,Emily Banks,Yasmin Kahnum,Rachel Babic,Ben Stockwell,Erin Thompson,Lorna Wheatley,Devi Patkunam,Kerry Richards,Ewa Pietraszewicz,Alick Stephens,Asha Sudra,Victor Turcanu +35 more
TL;DR: High domestic water CaCO3 levels are associated with an increased risk of AD in infancy and an intervention trial is required to see whether installation of a domestic device to decrease Ca CO3 levels around the time of birth can reduce this risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
The important role of epidermal triacylglycerol metabolism for maintenance of the skin permeability barrier function.
Franz P.W. Radner,Judith Fischer +1 more
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms involved in epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the generation of a functional skin permeability barrier.
Journal ArticleDOI
Model Membranes Prepared with Ceramide EOS, Cholesterol and Free Fatty Acids Form a Unique Lamellar Phase
TL;DR: The studies reveal that an equimolar ratio of EOS, cholesterol, and free fatty acids forms a lamellar phase with a very long repeat distance of approximately 14.7 nm that exhibits exceptional behavior in that in the thermotropic response the fatty acid chains and the ceramide chains undergo an order-disorder transition in different temperature ranges.
Journal ArticleDOI
Tight junctions in the stratum corneum explain spatial differences in corneodesmosome degradation.
Satomi Igawa,Mari Kishibe,Masamoto Murakami,Masaru Honma,Hidetoshi Takahashi,Hajime Iizuka,Akemi Ishida-Yamamoto +6 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that tight junctions (TJs) formed in the superficial granular layer may prevent protease access by functioning as a barrier between the peripheral and the central intercellular spaces in the stratum corneum.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fragility of epidermis in newborns, children and adolescents
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,Jerry Tan,Dominique Tennstedt,Franck Boralevi,Gabriella Fabbrocini,Antonio Torrelo,R. Soares-Oliveira,Marek Haftek,Ana B. Rossi,M.-D. Thouvenin,J. Mangold,M.F. Galliano,H. Hernandez-Pigeon,M.F. Aries,C. Rouvrais,S. Bessou-Touya,Hélène Duplan,N. Castex-Rizzi,Valérie Mengeaud,P.J. Ferret,E. Clouet,M. Saint Aroman,C. Carrasco,C. Coutanceau,B. Guiraud,S. Boyal,Anne Herman,H. Delga,Krysta Biniek,Reinhold H. Dauskardt +29 more
TL;DR: Within their first days of life, newborns’ skin undergoes various adaptation processes needed to accommodate the transition from the wet uterine environment to the dry atmosphere.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis
Colin N. A. Palmer,Alan D. Irvine,Ana Terron-Kwiatkowski,Yiwei Zhao,Haihui Liao,Simon P. Lee,David Goudie,Aileen Sandilands,Linda E. Campbell,Frances J.D. Smith,Grainne M. O'Regan,Rosemarie Watson,Jo E Cecil,Sherri J. Bale,John G. Compton,John J. DiGiovanna,John J. DiGiovanna,Philip Fleckman,Sue Lewis-Jones,Gehan Arseculeratne,Ann Sergeant,Colin S. Munro,Brahim El Houate,Ken McElreavey,Liselotte Brydensholt Halkjaer,Hans Bisgaard,Somnath Mukhopadhyay,Somnath Mukhopadhyay,W.H. Irwin McLean +28 more
TL;DR: It is shown that two independent loss-of-function genetic variants (R510X and 2282del4) in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) are very strong predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin
TL;DR: New insights into the molecular mechanisms and the physiological endpoints of cornification are increasing the understanding of the pathological defects of this unique form of programmed cell death, which is associated with barrier malfunctions and ichthyosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier a lesson from claudin-1–deficient mice
Mikio Furuse,Masaki Hata,Kyoko Furuse,Yoko Yoshida,Akinori Haratake,Yoshinobu Sugitani,Tetsuo Noda,Tetsuo Noda,Akiharu Kubo,Shoichiro Tsukita +9 more
TL;DR: Findings provide the first evidence that continuous claudin-based TJs occur in the epidermis and that these TJs are crucial for the barrier function of the mammalian skin.
Journal ArticleDOI
Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport.
TL;DR: Information is reviewed on the structure, function, and transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the claudin family as well as of their evolutionarily distant relatives called the PMP22/EMP/MP20/claudin, or pfam00822, superfamily.
Journal ArticleDOI
Barrier Function of the Skin: “La Raison d'Être” of the Epidermis
TL;DR: More sophisticated understanding of epidermal barrier function will lead to more rational therapy of a host of skin conditions in which the barrier is impaired, current work has focused on developing a more physiologic mix of lipids for topical application to skin.
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