Open Access
Volcanic Forcing of Climate over the Past 1500 Years: An Improved Ice-Core-Based Index for Climate Models
Chaochao Gao,Alan Robock,Caspar M. Ammann +2 more
- Vol. 2006
TLDR
This paper extracted volcanic sulfate signals from each ice core record by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31-year running median absolute deviation.Abstract:
[1] Understanding natural causes of climate change is vital to evaluate the relative impacts of human pollution and land surface modification on climate. We have investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. Our recently collected suite of ice core data, more than double the number of cores ever used before, reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores, which enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31-year running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing data set as a function of month, latitude, and altitude for the past 1500 years. We estimated the uncertainties associated with the choice of volcanic signal extraction criteria, ice core sulfate deposition to stratospheric loading calibration factor, and the season for the eruptions without a recorded month. We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing data set, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large-scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and with proxy records for the entire period. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new data set will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate. The new data set of stratospheric sulfate injections from volcanic eruptions for the past 1500 years, as a function of latitude, altitude, and month, is available for download in a format suitable for forcing general circulation models of the climate system.read more
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Dissertation
Weathering a medieval climate : gauging the impact of natural hazards on northern European society through archaeology and history, AD 1000-1550
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the occurrence of meteorological hazards in northern Europe and their impact on society during the medieval period (AD 1000-1550) and evaluate the duality of understanding in which disasters could be the result of spiritual or superstitious causes but could be mitigated through established and wellunderstood practical solutions.
Climate in Medieval time
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the evidence and concluded that although the High Medieval (1100 to 1200 A.D.) was warmer than subsequent centuries, it was not warmer than the late 20th century, and the warmest Medieval temperatures were not synchronous around the globe.
The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP)
TL;DR: Timmreck et al. as discussed by the authors presented four co-ordinated inter-model experiments designed to investigate key processes which influence the formation and temporal development of stratospheric aerosol in different time periods of the observational record.
European and Mediterranean hydroclimate response to tropical volcanic forcing over the past millennium
Mukund Palat Rao,B. Cook,Edward R. Cook,R. D'Arrigo,Paul J. Krusic,Kevin J. Anchukaitis,A. N. LeGrande,Brendan M. Buckley,Nicole Davi,Caroline Leland +9 more
TL;DR: This article used a modified version of superposed epoch analysis, an eruption year list collated from multiple datasets, and seasonal paleoclimate reconstructions (soil moisture, precipitation, geopotential heights, and temperature) to investigate volcanic forcing of spring and summer hydroclimate over Europe and the Mediterranean over the last millennium.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Last millennium Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: the long term context
Rob Wilson,Rob Wilson,Kevin J. Anchukaitis,Kevin J. Anchukaitis,Keith R. Briffa,Ulf Büntgen,Edward R. Cook,Rosanne D'Arrigo,Nicole Davi,Nicole Davi,Jan Esper,Dave Frank,Björn E. Gunnarson,Gabi Hegerl,Samuli Helama,Stefan Klesse,Paul J. Krusic,Hans W. Linderholm,Vladimir S. Myglan,Timothy J. Osborn,Miloš Rydval,Miloš Rydval,Lea Schneider,Andrew Schurer,Greg Wiles,Greg Wiles,Peng Zhang,Eduardo Zorita +27 more
TL;DR: Anchukaitis et al. as discussed by the authors presented the latest tree-ring-based NH land air temperature reconstruction from a temporal and spatial perspective, N-TREND2015 is relatively insensitive to the compositing method and spatial weighting used and validation metrics indicate that the new record portrays reasonable coherence with large scale summer temperatures and is robust at all time-scales from 918 to 2004 where at least 3 TR records exist from each major continental mass.
Journal ArticleDOI
Solar activity during the last 1000 yr inferred from radionuclide records
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented two independent reconstructions of changes in solar activity during the last 1000 yr, which are inferred from Be-10 and C-14 records, and showed that these reconstructions do not always agree with the sunspot record, indicating that the coupling between those proxies is not as close as has been sometimes assumed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Winter warming from large volcanic eruptions
Alan Robock,Jianping Mao +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the Northern Hemisphere winter surface temperature patterns after the 12 largest volcanic eruptions from 1883-1992 shows warming over Eurasia and North America and cooling over the Middle East which are significant at the 95 percent level.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stratospheric Aerosol--Observations, Processes, and Impact on Climate
Stefanie Kremser,Larry W. Thomason,Marc von Hobe,Markus Hermann,Terry Deshler,Claudia Timmreck,Matthew Toohey,Matthew Toohey,Andrea Stenke,Joshua P. Schwarz,Ralf Weigel,Stephan Fueglistaler,Fred Prata,Jean-Paul Vernier,Hans Schlager,John E. Barnes,Juan Carlos Antuña-Marrero,Duncan Fairlie,Mathias Palm,Emmanuel Mahieu,Justus Notholt,Markus Rex,Christine Bingen,Filip Vanhellemont,Adam Bourassa,John M. C. Plane,Daniel Klocke,Simon Carn,Lieven Clarisse,Thomas Trickl,Ryan R. Neely,Alexander D. James,Landon Rieger,James C. Wilson,Brian Meland +34 more
TL;DR: A review of the advances in stratospheric aerosol research can be found in this article, with a focus on the agreement between in situ and space-based inferences of aerosol properties during volcanically quiescent periods.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Holocene temperature conundrum
Zhengyu Liu,Zhengyu Liu,Jiang Zhu,Yair Rosenthal,Xu Zhang,Bette L. Otto-Bliesner,Axel Timmermann,Robin S. Smith,Gerrit Lohmann,Weipeng Zheng,Oliver Elison Timm +10 more
TL;DR: It is shown that climate models simulate a robust global annual mean warming in the Holocene, mainly in response to rising CO2 and the retreat of ice sheets, and this model-data inconsistency demands a critical reexamination of both proxy data and models.
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