Showing papers on "Calorimeter published in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with a home built calorimeter working on large samples, typically 500 grams, for heat storage applications.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the measurements between the two most appropriate sensors for measuring nuclear heating in MTR; a differential calorimeter and a gamma thermometer, and show that the two sensors are suitable even if the measured energy deposit is different in the sensors.
Abstract: Nuclear heating measurements in Material Testing Reactors are crucial for the design of the experimental devices and the prediction of the temperature of the hosted samples. Indeed, nuclear heating is a key input data for the computer codes which simulate temperature reached by samples under irradiation. In the Jules Horowitz Reactor under construction at the CEA Cadarache, the maximal expected nuclear heating levels will be about 15 to 18 W/g and it will be necessary to measure this key parameter with the best accuracy. An experiment was led at the OSIRIS reactor to compare the measurements between the two most appropriate sensors for measuring nuclear heating in MTR; a differential calorimeter and a gamma thermometer. A specific differential calorimeter was designed for low nuclear heating and a standard gamma thermometer was used. Experimental results and Monte-Carlo simulations show that the two sensors are suitable even if the measured energy deposit is different in the two sensors. Finally, these comparisons between the measurements recall that it is primordial to precise in which material and environment the nuclear heating is measured to use this key parameter for designing experimental devices in MTR.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal hazard features of various lithium-ion batteries, such as LiCoO2 and LiFePO4, were assessed properly by calorimetric techniques.
Abstract: In this study, the thermal hazard features of various lithium-ion batteries, such as LiCoO2 and LiFePO4, were assessed properly by calorimetric techniques. Vent sizing package 2 (VSP2), an adiabatic calorimeter, was used to measure the thermal hazards and runaway characteristics of the 18650 lithium-ion batteries under an adiabatic condition. The thermal behaviors of the lithium-ion batteries were obtained at normal and abnormal conditions in this study. The critical parameters for thermal hazardous behavior of lithium-ion batteries were obtained including the exothermic onset temperature (T
0), heat of decomposition (ΔH), maximum temperature (T
max), maximum pressure (P
max), self-heating rate (dT/dt), and pressure rise rate (dP/dt). Therefore, the result indicates the thermal runaway situation of the lithium-ion battery with different materials and voltages in view the of TNT-equivalent method by VSP2. The hazard gets greater with higher voltage. Without the consideration of other anti-pressure measurements, different voltages involving 3.3, 3.6, 3.7, and 4.2 V are evaluated to 0.11, 0.23, 0.88, and 1.77 g of TNT. Further estimation of thermal runaway reaction and decomposition reaction of lithium-ion battery can also be confirmed by VSP2. It shows that the battery of a fully charged state is more dangerous than that of a storage state. The technique results showed that VSP2 can be used to strictly evaluate thermal runaway reaction and thermal decomposition behaviors of lithium-ion batteries. The loss prevention and thermal hazard assessment are very important for development of electric vehicles as well as other appliances in the future. Therefore, our results could be applied to define important safety indices of lithium-ion batteries for safety concerns.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the enthalpy of mixing of the (Li,Th)F x liquid solution was measured for the first time using a method designed for conventional DSC technique.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the combustion efficiency of various polymeric materials was studied using a pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and the flame inhibition effect was evaluated for two classical approaches in flame retardancy by plotting combustion efficiency versus combustion temperature.
43 citations
TL;DR: Sadat et al. as discussed by the authors demonstrated a microfabricated heat-flow calorimeter capable of measuring modulated heat currents with ∼5 pW resolution, which is achieved by combining the excellent thermal isolation of a microdevice suspended by thin and long beams (conductance ∼150 nW/K) with a high-resolution resistance thermometer.
Abstract: We demonstrate a microfabricated heat-flow calorimeter capable of measuring modulated heat currents with ∼5 pW resolution. This is achieved by combining the excellent thermal isolation of a microdevice suspended by thin and long beams (conductance ∼150 nW/K) with a high-resolution resistance thermometer that enables temperature measurements with 10–50 μK resolution [Sadat et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83(8), 084902 (2012)). The calorimeter described here has a resolution comparable to state-of-the-art bimaterial cantilever-based calorimeters but surpasses previous designs by dissipating an order of magnitude lower power in the measurement process.
41 citations
TL;DR: The reaction of protonation of 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (TRIS) is a suitable one for the calibration of isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC), providing that experimental conditions are appropriately chosen.
Abstract: The reaction of protonation of 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (TRIS) is a suitable one for the calibration of isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC), providing that experimental conditions are appropriately chosen. The conditions and methods for handling experimental data from a nanowatt-ITC are discussed. Also, the binding of Ba(2+) to 18-Crown-6 is successfully used to check the accuracy and precision of the chemical calibration performed with TRIS. This latter reaction has the additional advantage that the data can also be used for a check on the determination of the value of a binding constant. The anomaly of the first injection in ITC is analyzed and, by combining calorimetric and spectroscopic measurements, it is shown that it mainly results from a backlash effect of the syringe plunger rather than from a diffusion effect.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the storage capacity of encapsulated phase change materials (EPCMs) with magnesium chloride as phase change material (PCM) was investigated for concentrated solar power (CSP) systems.
36 citations
TL;DR: Improvements to that original design that allow for heat measurements with ~18-fold smaller standard deviation, greater absolute accuracy in energy calibration, and, most importantly, measurements of the adsorption of lower vapor-pressure materials which would have previously been impossible are described.
Abstract: Thin films of metals and other materials are often grown by physical vapor deposition. To understand such processes, it is desirable to measure the adsorption energy of the deposited species as the film grows, especially when grown on single crystal substrates where the structure of the adsorbed species, evolving interface, and thin film are more homogeneous and well-defined in structure. Our group previously described in this journal an adsorption calorimeter capable of such measurements on single-crystal surfaces under the clean conditions of ultrahigh vacuum [J. T. Stuckless, N. A. Frei, and C. T. Campbell, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 2427 (1998)]. Here we describe several improvements to that original design that allow for heat measurements with ∼18-fold smaller standard deviation, greater absolute accuracy in energy calibration, and, most importantly, measurements of the adsorption of lower vapor-pressure materials which would have previously been impossible. These improvements are accomplished by: (1) us...
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the light propagation of Lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG, Lu3Al5O12) fibers was investigated with micropulling-down technique and the results obtained with the recent fiber production were discussed.
Abstract: For the next generation of calorimeters, designed to improve the energy resolution of hadrons and jets measurements, there is a need for highly granular detectors requiring peculiar geometries. Heavy inorganic scintillators allow compact homogeneous calorimeter designs with excellent energy resolution and dual-readout abilities. These scintillators are however not usually suited for geometries with a high aspect ratio because of the important losses observed during the light propagation. Elongated single crystals (fibers) of Lutetium Aluminium garnet (LuAG, Lu3Al5O12) were successfully grown with the micropulling-down technique. We present here the results obtained with the recent fiber production and we discuss how the light propagation could be enhanced to reach attenuation lengths in the fibers better than 0.5 m.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of four MPG-6 graphite samples (density from 1664 up to 1825 kg/m3) were measured within the temperature range from 293 K up to 1650 K by the following methods: the laser flash, the differential scanning calorimetry, and the adiabatic calorimeter of linear heating.
Abstract: The thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of four MPG-6 graphite samples (density from 1664 up to 1825 kg/m3) are measured within the temperature range from 293 K up to 1650 K by the following methods: the laser flash, the differential scanning calorimetry, and the adiabatic calorimeter of linear heating. The uncertainties of the data on the thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and density were (2–4)%, (3–5)%, and 0.5%, respectively. On the basis of the measurement results, the temperature dependence of the MPG-6 thermal conductivity is calculated and a generalizing dependence is obtained which allows one to estimate the thermal conductivity of graphite of various porosity for a wide temperature range using only the data on the macroscopic density of the samples. Reference data tables have been developed for the thermal conductivity of MPG-6 graphite of various densities.
TL;DR: In this article, a prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout is presented, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes.
Abstract: Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are based on data collected with pion beams in the energy range from 8GeV to 100GeV. The fine segmentation of the sensitive layers and the high sampling frequency allow for an excellent reconstruction of the spatial development of hadronic showers. A comparison between data and Monte Carlo simulations is presented, concerning both the longitudinal and lateral development of hadronic showers and the global response of the calorimeter. The performance of several GEANT4 physics lists with respect to these observables is evaluated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the speeds of sound in 1-hexanol and 2-ethyl-1-butanol over the temperature range from (293.15 to 318.15) K and at pressures up to 101 MPa.
TL;DR: In this paper, a binary mixture of 30% potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) and 70% NaNO 3 was used for thermal energy storage in solar thermal power generation.
TL;DR: A primary standard for the absorbed dose rate to water in a ⁶⁰Co radiation field has been newly established at the National Metrology Institute of Japan.
Abstract: A primary standard for the absorbed dose rate to water in a ⁶⁰Co radiation field has been newly established at the National Metrology Institute of Japan. This primary standard combines the calorimetric measurements using a graphite calorimeter with the ionometric measurements using a thick-walled graphite cavity ionisation chamber. The calorimeter is operated in the constant temperature mode using AC Wheatstone bridges. The absorbed dose rate to water was determined to be 12 mGy s⁻¹ at a point of 1 m from the radiation source and at a water depth of 5 g cm⁻². The uncertainty on the calibration coefficient in terms of the absorbed dose to water of an ionisation chamber using this standard was estimated to be 0.39 % (k=1).
TL;DR: By establishing the feasibility of using the GPC as a practical clinical absolute photon dosimeter, this work lays the foundation for further device enhancements, including the development of an isothermal mode of operation and an overall miniaturization, making it potentially suitable for use in small and composite radiation fields.
Abstract: The aim of this work is to present the numerical design optimization, construction, and experimental proof of concept of a graphite probe calorimeter (GPC) conceived for dose measurement in the clinical environment (U.S. provisional patent 61/652,540). A finite element method (FEM) based numerical heat transfer study was conducted using a commercial software package to explore the feasibility of the GPC and to optimize the shape, dimensions, and materials used in its design. A functioning prototype was constructed inhouse and used to perform dose to water measurements under a 6 MV photon beam at 400 and 1000 MU/min, in a thermally insulated water phantom. Heat loss correction factors were determined using FEM analysis while the radiation field perturbation and the graphite to water absorbed dose conversion factors were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. The difference in the average measured dose to water for the 400 and 1000 MU/min runs using the TG-51 protocol and the GPC was 0.2% and 1.2%, respectively. Heat loss correction factors ranged from 1.001 to 1.002, while the product of the perturbation and dose conversion factors was calculated to be 1.130. The combined relative uncertainty was estimated to be 1.4%, with the largest contributors being the specific heat capacity of the graphite (type B, 0.8%) and the reproducibility, defined as the standard deviation of the mean measured dose (type A, 0.6%). By establishing the feasibility of using the GPC as a practical clinical absolute photon dosimeter, this work lays the foundation for further device enhancements, including the development of an isothermal mode of operation and an overall miniaturization, making it potentially suitable for use in small and composite radiation fields. It is anticipated that, through the incorporation of isothermal stabilization provided by temperature controllers, a subpercent overall uncertainty will be achieved.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results from a study on the combustion reactions of heavy oil based on experimental tests using an accelerating rate calorimeter were reported, and the effects of variables on the kinetic parameters were found to be dependent on specific reaction temperature range, being more pronounced in the range of higher temperatures.
Abstract: Accelerating rate calorimetry has been used to study the thermal behavior of the combustion reactions that occur during the in situ combustion process and to estimate key parameters for the numerical simulation studies. This work reports the results from a study on the combustion reactions of heavy oil based on experimental tests using an accelerating rate calorimeter. The temperature settings covered a ramped ranging from 50 to 550 °C. The pressure was kept constant at 20 and 40 bar, and the air flow rates were tested for values of 90 and 120 mL min−1. An experimental design was built to provide the effects of pressure, air inflow, and oil mass on the main kinetic parameters. Activation energy was 0.6–64 × 103 kJ mol−1, with higher variation in Test-1. LTO region was represented by just one reaction and its activation energy was ~102 kJ mol−1 across every tests. Process variables were found to affect the exothermal temperature interval, the activation energy, and the order of reaction. Effects of variables on the kinetic parameters were found to be dependent on specific reaction temperature range, being more pronounced in the range of higher temperatures.
TL;DR: This work shows that AC-calorimetry using a thin film chip sensor allows for the measurement of frequency dependent heat capacity in the thin film limit up to about 1 MHz.
Abstract: Heat capacity spectroscopy at frequencies up to 100 kHz is commonly performed by thermal effusivity measurements applying the 3ω-technique. Here we show that AC-calorimetry using a thin film chip sensor allows for the measurement of frequency dependent heat capacity in the thin film limit up to about 1 MHz. Using films thinner than the thermal length of the thermal wave (∼1 μm) at such frequencies is advantageous because it provides heat capacity alone and not in combination with other quantities like thermal conductivity, at least on a qualitative basis. The used calorimetric sensor and the sample are each less than 1 μm thick. For high frequency AC-calorimetry, high cooling rates at very small temperature differences are required. This is realized by minimizing the heated spot to the size of the on chip thermocouple (3 × 6 μm2). A modulated laser beam shaped and positioned by a glass fiber is used as the heat source. The device was used to measure the complex heat capacity in the vicinity of the dynamic glass transition (structural relaxation) of poly(methyl methacrylate). Combining different calorimeters finally provides data between 10−3 Hz and 106 Hz. In this frequency range the dynamic glass transition shifts about 120 K.
TL;DR: In this article, a C80 micro-calorimeter connected with a high pressure atmosphere control panel was employed to investigate the thermal behavior of cotton and calculate its self-heating oxidation temperature.
01 Aug 2013-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this article, the CCALT calorimeters are installed in front of the inner quadrupoles inside the apparatus, thus increasing the acceptance for prompt decay channels. But they are not suitable for high energy photons and good timing performances, needed to reject machine background events.
Abstract: The KLOE-2 detector has been successfully rolled in inside the new interaction region of the DA Φ NE machine, which is still in its commissioning phase. Construction of detector upgrades is in progress to provide larger acceptance both for charged particles and photons. The CCALT calorimeters will be placed in front of the inner quadrupoles, inside the apparatus, thus increasing the acceptance for prompt decay channels. They consist of two barrels of LYSO crystals, read-out with large area SiPM. This choice provides high efficiency for low energy photons and good timing performances, needed to reject machine background events. Tests of a calorimeter prototype were carried out both with electron and photon beams, showing high light yield and good timing capabilities. The construction of the CCALT detector is in progress and will be completed in few months, in time for installing it over the new interaction region.
TL;DR: In this article, results obtained with crystal fibers of 22 cm length and 2 mm diameter of lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG, Lu3Al5O12) were investigated through a test beam campaign at the CERN PS facility using electrons in the 50?150 GeV energy range.
Abstract: For the next generation of calorimeters, designed to improve the energy resolution of hadrons and jet measurements, there is a need for highly granular detectors that require peculiar geometries. Inorganic scintillators can provide good stopping power to allow compact calorimeter designs together with an excellent energy resolution. The micropulling-down technique allows to grow crystal fibers with high aspect ratio providing good granularity. Designs based on dual-readout could also be considered since the host matrices of extrinsic scintillators behave as a Cherenkov radiator in the absence of the scintillating dopant. We report here about results obtained with crystal fibers of 22 cm length and 2 mm diameter of lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG, Lu3Al5O12). The response of such fibers in a high energy physics environment has been investigated through a test beam campaign at the CERN PS facility using electrons in the 50?150 GeV energy range. The results, proving the potential of LuAG fibers for calorimetry applications, have been used to validate a Geant4 simulation which allowed to study different configuration of a fiber-based detector. Possible implementations of the crystal fibers technology into a real calorimeter are also discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, an automated flow calorimeter was used for the accurate measurement of isobaric heat capacities for pure compounds and mixtures over the range (250 to 400) K and (0 to 20) MPa.
TL;DR: The LNE-LNHB laboratory has developed a specific calorimeter which makes measurements at low depth in water easier, in order to fulfil the reference conditions required by the international dosimetry protocols for medium-energy x-rays.
Abstract: Water calorimeters are used to establish absorbed dose standards in several national metrology laboratories involved in ionizing radiation dosimetry. These calorimeters have been first used in high-energy photons of 60Co or accelerator beams, where the depth of measurement in water is large (5 or 10 cm). The LNE-LNHB laboratory has developed a specific calorimeter which makes measurements at low depth in water (down to 0.5 cm) easier, in order to fulfil the reference conditions required by the international dosimetry protocols for medium-energy x-rays. This new calorimeter was first used to measure the absorbed dose rate in water at a depth of 2 cm for six medium-energy x-ray reference beams with a tube potential from 80 to 300 kV. The relative combined standard uncertainty obtained on the absorbed dose rate to water is lower than 0.8%. An overview of the design of the calorimeter is given, followed by a detailed description of the calculation of the correction factors and the calorimetric measurements.
21 Nov 2013-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this article, a prototype of a hadron sampling calorimeter using Micromegas chambers as active elements is presented. But it is not suitable for the measurement of jet energy by a Particle flow method.
Abstract: Sampling calorimeters can be finely segmented and used to detect showers with high spatial resolution. This imaging power can be exploited at future linear collider experiments where the measurement of jet energy by a Particle flow method requires optimal use of tracking and calorimeter information. Gaseous detectors can achieve high granularity and a hadron sampling calorimeter using Micromegas chambers as active elements is considered in this paper. Compared to traditional detectors using wires or resistive plates, Micromegas is free of space charge effects and could therefore show superior calorimetric performance. To test this concept, a prototype of 1×1 m2 equipped with 9216 readout pads of 1×1 cm2 has been built. Its technical and basic operational characteristics are reported.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided systematic heat transfer data of impinging, turbulent, near and supercritical water jets confined by a cylindrical wall, and the most striking result is the dependence of heat transfer coefficients on the surface temperature of the impingement plate.
Abstract: Polycrystalline rock can be fragmented and penetrated, when hot supercritical water jets impinge on it. Knowledge about the heat transfer between supercritical water jets and the rock's surface is absolutely crucial for this drilling method called hydrothermal spallation rock drilling. The present work for the first time provides systematic heat transfer data of impinging, turbulent, near- and supercritical water jets confined by a cylindrical wall. The most striking result is the dependence of heat transfer coefficients on the surface temperature of the impingement plate: experiments at supercritical jet temperatures performed with two different calorimeter types show remarkable differences between heat transfer coefficients obtained with low surface temperatures (at high heat fluxes) and high surface temperatures (at low heat fluxes). However, the experimental data of both calorimeters could be incorporated in a single empirical correlation by accounting for the variation of individual fluid properties across the jet's thermal boundary layer.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal stability of β-artemether under dynamic, isothermal and adiabatic conditions was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and accelerating rate (ARC), respectively.
TL;DR: In this article, the Moelwyn-Huggins concept of interactions between the components of mixture has been utilized using the topology of the constituent molecules (Graph theory) to determine excess heat capacities, C P E of the studied mixtures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of heat capacity, thermal dilatation and T-p phase diagram studies on the La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 single crystal are reported.
Abstract: The results of heat capacity, thermal dilatation and T-p phase diagram studies on the La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 single crystal are reported. Direct measurements of intensive magnetocaloric effect are performed by means of adiabatic calorimeter. Barocaloric effect is determined using data of heat capacity and susceptibility to hydrostatic pressure. Caloric efficiency of manganite in the vicinity of ferromagnetic phase transition is discussed and compared with that of other magnetic materials.
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TL;DR: The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN as mentioned in this paper, where liquid argon sampling calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry as well as hadronic calors in the endcaps.
Abstract: The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Liquid argon sampling calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry as well as hadronic calorimetry in the endcaps. After installation in 2004--2006, the calorimeters were extensively commissioned over the three--year period prior to first collisions in 2009, using cosmic rays and single LHC beams. Since then, approximately 27 fb$\mathbf{^{-1}}$ of data have been collected at an unprecedented center of mass energy. During all these stages, the calorimeter and its electronics have been operating almost optimally, with a performance very close to specifications. This paper covers all aspects of these first years of operation.
The excellent performance achieved is especially presented in the context of the discovery of the elusive Higgs boson. The future plans to preserve this performance until the end of the LHC program are also presented.
TL;DR: In this article, a calorimeter for measuring the temperature dependence of specific heat in pulsed magnetic fields is described, using an Au0.16Ge 0.84?thin-film thermometer and a Ni50Cr50?film heater.
Abstract: A calorimeter for measuring the temperature dependence of specific heat in pulsed magnetic fields is described. An Au0.16Ge0.84?thin-film thermometer and a Ni50Cr50?film heater are employed to obtain the rapid thermal response necessary for the pulsed magnetic-field experiments. The apparatus has been tested in pulsed magnetic fields up to 56.2 T (?0.3 T) and in the low temperature range from 3 to 20?K. To demonstrate the validity of the technique, measurements have been performed on single crystal samples of SiO2?and Cu3Mo2O9.