Showing papers on "Conductive polymer published in 2004"
TL;DR: Interfacial polymerization is shown to be readily scalable to produce bulk quantities of nanofibers and the measured Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of the nan ofibers increases as the average diameter decreases.
Abstract: Uniform polyaniline nanofibers readily form using interfacial polymerization without the need for templates or functional dopants. The average diameter of the nanofibers can be tuned from 30 nm using hydrochloric acid to 120 nm using perchloric acid as observed via both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. When camphorsulfonic acid is employed, 50 nm average diameter fibers form. The measured Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of the nanofibers increases as the average diameter decreases. Further characterization including molecular weight, optical spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity are presented. Interfacial polymerization is shown to be readily scalable to produce bulk quantities of nanofibers.
1,291 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film is enhanced by more than 100 fold on adding some organic compounds into aqueous solutions or by treating it with organic solvents, such as ethylene glycol, 2-nitroethanol, methyl sulfoxide or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
1,198 citations
TL;DR: The role of polymers as gas sensors, pH sensors, ion-selective sensors, humidity sensors, biosensor devices, etc., are reviewed and discussed in this article, and current trends in sensor research and also challenges in future sensor research are discussed.
1,126 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new interfacial polymerization method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers was used and compared with conventional polyanile sensors, and five different response mechanisms were explored: acid doping (HCl), base dedoping (NH3), reduction (with N2H4), swelling (with CHCl3), and polymer chain conformational changes (induced by CH3OH).
Abstract: Using a new interfacial polymerization method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers, we have developed nanofiber sensors and compared them to conventional polyaniline sensors. Five different response mechanisms are explored: acid doping (HCl), base dedoping (NH3), reduction (with N2H4), swelling (with CHCl3), and polymer chain conformational changes (induced by CH3OH). In all cases, the polyaniline nanofibers perform better than conventional thin films. Their high surface area, porosity and small diameters enhance diffusion of molecules and dopants into the nanofibers.
1,041 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a non-lithographic deposition process was used to form single polymeric nanowire chemical sensors, with diameters on the order of 100 nm, which were deposited on gold electrodes.
Abstract: We have used a nonlithographic deposition process to form single polymeric nanowire chemical sensors. Oriented polyaniline nanowires, with diameters on the order of 100 nm, were deposited on gold electrodes. The devices showed a rapid and reversible resistance change upon exposure to NH3 gas at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm. The well-defined single-wire geometry allows for the characterization of the wire material and the device response. The response times of nanowire sensors with various diameters correspond to radius-dependent differences in the diffusion time of ammonia gas into the wires. The nanowire deposition process, utilizing a scanned microfabricated electrospinning source, presents a general method for interfacing polymeric nanowire devices with microfabricated structures.
728 citations
TL;DR: Seeding a conventional chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with even very small amounts of biological, inorganic, or organic nanofibers dramatically changes the morphology of the resulting doped electronic polymer polyaniline from nonfibrillar (particulate) to almost exclusively nan ofibers.
Abstract: Seeding a conventional chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with even very small amounts of biological, inorganic, or organic nanofibers (usually <1%) dramatically changes the morphology of the resulting doped electronic polymer polyaniline from nonfibrillar (particulate) to almost exclusively nanofibers. The nanoscale morphology of the original seed template is transcribed almost quantitatively to the bulk precipitate. These findings could have immediate impact in the design and development of high-surface area electronic materials.
648 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical properties of composites prepared from an electrically conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), i.e., PEDOT and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been investigated for supercapacitor application.
464 citations
Book•
01 Apr 2004
TL;DR: In this article, Gomez-Romero et al. presented an approach for the design of functional hybrid inorganic-inorganic materials based on the properties of the materials and their properties.
Abstract: Preface.1 Hybrid Materials, Functional Applications. An Introduction (Pedro Gomez-Romero and Clement Sanchez).1.1 From Ancient Tradition to 21st Century Materials.1.2 Hybrid Materials. Types and Classifications.1.3 General Strategies for the Design of Functional Hybrids.1.4 The Road Ahead.2 Organic-Inorganic Materials: From Intercalation Chemistry to Devices (Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky).2.1 Introduction.2.2 Types of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials.2.2.1 Intercalation Compounds.2.2.1.1 Intercalation of Ionic Species.2.2.1.2 Intercalation of Neutral Species.2.2.1.3 Polymer Intercalations: Nanocomposites.2.2.2 Organic Derivatives of Inorganic Solids.2.2.3 Sol-Gel Hybrid Materials.2.3 Functions & Devices Based on Organic-Inorganic Solids.2.3.1 Selective Sorbents, Complexing Agents & Membranes.2.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts & Supported Reagents.2.3.3 Photoactive, Opt ical and Opto-Electronic Materials & Devices.2.3.4 Electrical Behaviors: Ionic & Electronic Conductors.2.3.5 Electroactivity & Electrochemical Devices.2.4 Conclusions.3 Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes. Molecular-Engineering Nanostructured Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials (K. J. Shea, J. Moreau, D. A. Loy, R. J. P. Corriu, B. Boury).3.1 Introduction.3.2 Historical Background.3.3 Monomer Synthesis.3.3.1 Metallation.3.3.2 Hydrosilylation.3.3.3 Functionalization of an Organotrialkoxysilane.3.3.4 Other Approaches.3.4 Sol-Gel Processing of Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.4.1 Hydrolysis and Condensation.3.4.2 Gelation.3.4.3 Aging and Drying.3.5 Characterization of Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.5.1 Porosity in Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.5.2 Pore Size Control.3.5.3 Pore Templating.3.6 Influence of Bridging Group on Nanostructures.3.6.1 Surfactant Templated Mesoporous Materials.3.6.2 Mesogenic Bridging Groups.3.6.3 Supramolecular Organization.3.6.4 Metal Templating.3.7 Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties.3.8 Chemical Properties.3.9 Applications.3.9.1 Optics and Electronics.3.9.1.1 Dyes.3.9.1.2 Nano- and Quantum Dots in Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes.3.9.2 Separations Media.3.9.3 Catalyst Supports and Catalysts.3.9.4 Metal and Organic Adsorbents.3.10 Summary.4 Porous Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials (Nicola Husing and Ulrich Schubert).4.1 Introduction.4.2 Inorganic-Network Formation.4.3 Preparation and Properties.4.3.1 Aerogels.4.3.2 M41S materials.4.4 Methods for Introducing Organic Groups into Inorganic Materials.4.5 Porous Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials.4.5.1 Functionalization of Porous Inorganic Materials by Organic Groups.4.5.1.1 Post-synthesis Modification.4.5.1.2 Liquid-Phase Modification in the Wet Gel Stage or Prior to Surfactant Removal.4.5.1.3 Addition of Non-Reactive Compounds to the Precursor Solution.4.5.1.4 Use of Organically Substituted Co-precursors.4.5.2 Bridged Silsequioxanes.4.5.3 Incorporation of Metal Complexes for Catalysis.4.5.4 Incorporation of Biomolecules.4.5.5 Incorporation of Polymers.4.5.6 Creation of Carbon Structures.5 Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites (Clement Sanchez, Benedicte Lebeau, Frederic Chaput and Jean-Pierre Boilot).5.1 Introduction.5.2 Hybrids with Emission Properties.5.2.1 Solid-State Dye-Laser Hybrid Materials.5.2.2 Electroluminescent Hybrid Materials.5.2.3 Optical Properties of Lanthanide Doped Hybrid Materials.5.2.3.1 Encapsulation of Nano-Phosphors inside Hybrid Matrices.5.2.3.2 One-pot Synthesis of Rare-Earth Doped Hybrid Matrices.5.2.3.3 Rare-earth Doped Hybrids made via Non-hydrolytic Processes.5.2.3.4 Energy Transfer Processes between Lanthanides and Organic Dyes.5.3 Hybrid with Absorption Properties : Photochromic Hybrid Materials.5.3.1 Photochromic Hybrids for Optical Data Storage.5.3.2 Photochromic Hybrids for Fast Optical Switches.5.3.3 Non-Siloxane-Based Hosts for the Design of New Photochromic Hybrid Materials.5.4 Nonlinear Optics.5.4.1 Second-Order Nonlinear Optics in Hybrid Materials.5.4.2 Hybrid Photorefractive Materials.5.4.3 Photochemical Hole Burning in Hybrid Materials.5.4.4 Optical Limiters.5.5 Hybrid Optical Sensors.5.6 Integrated Optics Based on Hybrid Material.5.7 Hierarchically Organized Hybrid Materials for Optical Applications.5.8 Conclusions and Perspectives.6 Electrochemistry of Sol-Gel Derived Hybrid Materials (Pierre Audebert and Alain Walcarius).6.1 Introduction.6.2 Fundamental Electrochemical Studies in Sol-Gel Systems.6.2.1 Electrochemistry into Wet Oxide Gels.6.2.1.1 Electrochemistry as a Tool for the Investigation of Sol-gel Polymerization.6.2.1.2 Conducting Polymers - Sol-gel Composites.6.2.2 Electrochemical Behavior of Xerogels and Sol-gel-prepared Oxide Layers.6.2.2.1 Fundamental Studies.6.2.2.2 Composite Syntheses and Applications.6.2.3 Solid Polymer Electrolytes.6.2.3.1 Power Sources.6.2.3.2 Electrochromic Devices.6.3 Electroanalysis with Sol-gel Derived Hybrid Materials.6.3.1 Design of Modified Electrodes.6.3.1.1 Bulk Ceramic-carbon Composite Electrodes (CCEs).6.3.1.2 Film-based Sol-gel Electrodes.6.3.1.3 Other Electrode Systems.6.3.2 Analytical Applications.6.3.2.1 Analysis of Chemicals.6.3.2.2 Biosensors.6.4 Conclusions.7 Multifunctional Hybrid Materials Based on Conducting Organic Polymers. Nanocomposite Systems with Photo-Electro-Ionic Properties and Applications (Monica Lira-Cantu and Pedro Gomez-Romero).7.1 Introduction.7.2 Conducting Organic Polymers (COPs): from Discovery to Commercialization.7.3 Organics and Inorganics in Hybrid Materials.7.3.1 Classifications.7.4 Synergy at the Molecular Level: Organic-Inorganic (OI) Hybrid Materials.7.5 COPs Intercalated into Inorganic Hosts: Inorganic-Organic (IO) Materials.7.5.1 Mesoporous Host or Zeolitic-type Materials (silicates inclusive).7.6 Emerging Nanotechnology: Toward Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials (NC).7.7 Current Applications and Future Trends.7.7.1 Electronic and Opto-electronic Applications.7.7.2 Photovoltaic Solar Cells.7.7.2.1 Nanocomposite and Hybrid Solar Cells.7.7.3 Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Batteries, Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors.7.7.3.1 Rechargeable Batteries.7.7.3.2 Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysis.7.7.4 Sensors.7.7.5 Catalysis.7.7.6 Membranes.7.7.7 Biomaterials.7.8 Conclusions and Prospects.8 Layered Organic-Inorganic Materials: A Way Towards Controllable Magnetism (Pierre Rabu and Marc Drillon).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Molecule-based Materials with Extended Networks.8.2.1 Transition Metal layered Perovskites.8.2.2 Bimetallic Oxalate-bridge Magnets.8.2.2.1 Magnetism and Conductivity.8.2.2.2 Magnetism and Non-linear Optics.8.3 The Intercalation Compounds MPS3.8.3.1 Ion-exchange Intercalation in MPS3.8.3.2 Properties of the MnPS3 Intercalates.8.3.3 Properties of the FePS3 Intercalates.8.3.4 Magnetism and Non-linear Optics.8.4 Covalently Bound Organic-inorganic Networks.8.4.1 Divalent Metal Phosphonates.8.4.2 Hydroxide-based Layered Compounds.8.4.2.1 Anion-exchange Reactions.8.4.2.2 Influence of Organic Spacers.8.4.2.3 Origin of the Phase Transition.8.4.2.4 Interlayer Interaction Mechanism.8.4.2.5 Difunctional Organic Anions.8.4.2.6 Metal-radical Based Magnets.8.4.2.7 Solvent-mediated Magnetism.8.5 Concluding Remarks.9 Building Multifunctionality in Hybrid Materials (Eugenio Coronado, Jose R. Calan-Mascaros, and Francisco Romero).9.1 Introduction.9.2 Combination of Ferromagnetism with Paramagnetism.9.2.1 Magnetic multilayers.9.2.2 Host-guest 3D Structures.9.3 Hybrid Molecular Materials with Photophysical Properties.9.3.1 Photo-active Magnets.9.3.2 Photo-active Conductors.9.4 Combination of Magnetism with Electric Conductivity.9.4.1 Paramagnetic Conductors from Small Inorganic Anions.9.4.2 Paramagnetic Conductors from Polyoxometalates.9.4.3 Coexistence of Electrical Conductivity and Magnetic Ordering.9.5 Conclusions.10 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Electronics (David B. Mitzi).10.1 Introduction.10.2 Organic-Inorganic Perovskites.10.2.1 Structures.10.2.2 Properties.10.2.2.1 Optical Properties.10.2.2.2 Electrical Transport Properties.10.2.3 Film Deposition.10.2.3.1 Thermal Evaporation.10.2.3.2 Solution Processing.10.2.3.3 Melt Processing.10.3 Hybrid Perovskite Devices.10.3.1 Optical Devices.10.3.2 Electronic Devices.10.4 Conclusions.11 Bioactive Sol-Gel Hybrids (Jacques Livage, Thibaud Coradin and Cecile Roux).11.1 Introduction.11.2 Sol-gel Encapsulation.11.2.1 The Alkoxide Route.11.2.2 The Aqueous Route.11.3 Enzymes.11.3.1 Glucose Biosensors.11.3.2 Bioreactors, Lipases.11.4 Antibody-based Affinity Biosensors.11.5 Whole Cells.11.5.1 Yeast and Plant Cells.11.5.2 Bacteria.11.5.3 Biomedical Applications.11.5.3.1 Immunoassays in Sol-gel Matrices.11.5.3.2 Cell Transplantation.11.6 The Future of Sol-gel Bioencapsulation.Index.
446 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the advantages of using polymers in dye-sensitized solar cells are discussed, highlighting the advantages and problems faced by researchers working in this area, and discussing the problems faced.
411 citations
TL;DR: A simple and highly reproducible method for fabricating well-defined nanostructured polymeric surfaces with aligned nanoembosses or nanofibers of controllable aspect ratios, showing remarkable structural similarity with interesting natural biostructures such as the wing surface of Cicada orni and the leaf surface of Lotus is demonstrated.
Abstract: This study demonstrates a simple and highly reproducible method for fabricating well-defined nanostructured polymeric surfaces with aligned nanoembosses or nanofibers of controllable aspect ratios, showing remarkable structural similarity with interesting natural biostructures such as the wing surface of Cicada orni and the leaf surface of Lotus. Our studies on the present biomimetic surfaces revealed that the wetting property of the nanostructured surface of a given chemical composition could be systematically controlled by rendering nanometer-scale roughness. The nanofabricating method we developed can be readily extended to other thermoplastic polymeric materials (e.g., light-emitting polymers, conducting polymers, block copolymers, liquid crystalline polymers), and it could be applied to developing a new generation of optical and electronic devices.
398 citations
TL;DR: The approach described here is the first step toward uniting the programmable-assembly ability of DNA with the unique electronic properties of conducting polymers for high-density functional nanodevices.
Abstract: It is essential to put individual, free-standing nanowires onto insulating substrates and integrate them to useful devices. Here we report a strategy for fabrication of conducting polymer nanowires on thermally oxidized Si surfaces by use of DNA as templates. The direct use of stretched and immobilized DNA strands as templates avoids the agglomeration of DNA caused by shielding of charges on DNA when polyaniline/DNA complexes formed in solution. Most importantly, the oriented DNA strands immobilized on the Si surface predetermine the position and the orientation of the nanowires. The approach described here is the first step toward uniting the programmable-assembly ability of DNA with the unique electronic properties of conducting polymers for high-density functional nanodevices. The conductivity of the nanowires is very sensitive to the proton doping-undoping process, suggesting that the nanowires hold great promise for sensitive chemical sensor applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal degradation of polyaniline films polymerized in situ on silicon windows, and protonated with hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid, has been studied by FTIR spectroscopy.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of polymerizable ionic liquid was synthesized and polymerized to prepare new type polymer electrolytes, and the effects of position of imidazolium cation, spacer structure and length, and anion species on the ionic conductivity have been investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, four disubstituted propylenedioxythiophene polymers have been synthesized by Grignard metathesis on the 1−5 g scale.
Abstract: Four new disubstituted propylenedioxythiophene polymers have been synthesized by Grignard metathesis on the 1−5 g scale. All polymers were found to be soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran and were fully structurally characterized having GPC determined number-average molecular weights ranging from 33000 to 47000 g mol-1. Dilute polymer solutions in toluene exhibited strong red fluorescence with moderate quantum efficiencies from 0.38 to 0.50. Homogeneous thin films were formed by electropolymerization and spray casting polymer solutions onto ITO coated glass slides at thicknesses of ca. 150 nm. The films were electroactive, switching from a dark blue-purple to a transmissive sky blue upon p-doping, often with subsecond switching times, and high electrochromic contrast luminance changes (% ΔY) of 40−70%. These studies revealed that the branched derivatives, [poly(3,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine)] and [poly(6,8-dibromo-3,3-bis(2-ethylhexylox...
TL;DR: In this article, a well-coated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) with polyaniline (PANI) composite electrodes with good uniformity for electrochemical capacitors are prepared by the polymerization of aniline containing well-dissolved SWNTs.
TL;DR: The conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) was electrochemically grown on hydrogel scaffolds deposited on the surface of microfabricated neural prosthetic devices and it is shown that the pyrrole monomer can be grown vertically through the Hydrogel layer up to the surface without affecting the adjacent sites on the probes.
Abstract: The conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) was electrochemically grown on hydrogel scaffolds deposited on the surface of microfabricated neural prosthetic devices. It is shown that the pyrrole monomer can be grown vertically through the hydrogel layer up to the surface without affecting the adjacent sites on the probes. The electrochemical properties of the conducting polymer-modified hydrogels were studied by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. It is also found that the conducting polymers could still be readily grown through the hydrogel after the microstructure is disrupted by freeze drying. Impedance measurements at the biologically important frequency of 1 kHz showed that the minimum impedance of this polymer-modified hydrogel was 7 kOmega. This is much lower than the minimum impedance of polypyrrole film ( approximately 100 kOmega).
TL;DR: Th Thin, strongly adherent films can be obtained on inert surfaces such as glass, plastics, etc., directly from the polymerization mixture without any bulk product isolation steps, significantly simplifying the processing of these nanofibers.
Abstract: The morphology of doped polypyrrole·Cl powder changes dramatically from granular to nanofibrillar when a very small amount (1−4 mg) of V2O5 nanofibers are added to a chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in aq 1.0 M HCl using (NH4)2S2O8 as the oxidant. Unlike the polyaniline system, a key synthetic requirement in the polypyrrole system is for the seed template to be “active”, i.e., to be capable of independently oxidizing the pyrrole monomer. Thin, strongly adherent films can be obtained on inert surfaces such as glass, plastics, etc., directly from the polymerization mixture without any bulk product isolation steps, significantly simplifying the processing of these nanofibers.
TL;DR: In this article, conductive sulfur-containing cathode materials for high capacity lithium secondary batteries have been synthesized by heating a mixture of polyacrylonitrile and elemental sulfur.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of organic bulk donor/acceptor heterojunction solar cells with different transparent electrodes is compared and a comparison is made between cells with either ITO or highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) as a transparent contact.
TL;DR: A polythiophene derivative containing thermally removable branched ester solubilizing groups has been prepared and tested as a processable organic semiconductor polymer with tunable electronic and chemical properties for hybrid polymer-inorganic solar cells.
Abstract: A polythiophene derivative containing thermally removable branched ester solubilizing groups has been prepared and tested as a processable organic semiconductor polymer with tunable electronic and chemical properties for hybrid polymer−inorganic solar cells. Thermal removal of the protecting group enhances the interface between the organic and inorganic components while also contributing to better light absorption, energy transfer, and overall cell performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, a facile technique for fabrication of individually addressable, conducting polymer nanowire arrays of controlled dimension, high aspect ratio, and site-specific positioning using electrodeposition between electrodes in channels created on semiconducting and insulating surfaces that can be easily scaled up is reported.
Abstract: A facile technique for fabrication of individually addressable, conducting polymer nanowire arrays of controlled dimension, high aspect ratio, and site-specific positioning using electrodeposition between electrodes in channels created on semiconducting and insulating surfaces that can be easily scaled up is reported. In addition, the ability to create “arrays” of conducting polymer nanowires of same or different materials on the same chip has been demonstrated. The fidelity, quality, and electrical properties of single polypyrrole and polyaniline nanowires have been examined by SEM and I−V characteristics. Dendrite-free conducting polymer nanowires completely confined within the channels with full dimension control were observed. I−V characteristic of such nanowires show the ohmic nature of the contact with Au electrode.
TL;DR: In this article, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles with enhanced conductivity and processability were prepared by oxidative polymerization in dodecylbenzne sulfonic acid (DBSA) micellar solutions.
TL;DR: By combining the high-dielectric copper phthalocyanine oligomer (PolyCuPc) and conductive polyanline (PANI) within polyurethane (PU) matrix, an all-organic three-component dielectric-percolative composite as mentioned in this paper was demonstrated.
Abstract: By combining the high-dielectric copper phthalocyanine oligomer (PolyCuPc) and conductive polyanline (PANI) within polyurethane (PU) matrix an all-organic three-component dielectric-percolative composite with high dielectric constant is demonstrated. In this three-component composite system, the high-dielectric-constant PolyCuPc particulates enhance the dielectric constant of the PU matrix and this combined two-component dielectric matrix in turn serves as the high-dielectric-constant host for the PANI to realize percolative phenomenon and further enhance the dielectric response. As a result, an electromechanical strain of 9.3% and elastic energy density of 0.4 J/cm(3) under an electric field of 20 V/mum can be induced.
TL;DR: In this paper, two types of supercapacitors, redox and hybrid, based on poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and MSP-20 powder as electrode materials with Et 4 NBF 4 in PC and LiPF 6 in EC/DMC as electrolyte solutions.
Patent•
05 Oct 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of preparing electrolytic capacitors that involves forming the conductive polymer of the solid electrolyte layer in situ by means of chemical oxidative polymerization or electrochemical polymerization is described.
Abstract: Electrolytic capacitors having low equivalent series resistance and low leakage current are described. The electrolytic capacitors include a solid electrolyte layer of a conductive material in particular a conductive polymer, and an outer layer that includes binders, polymeric anions and conductive polymers (e.g., polythiophenes). Also described is a method of preparing electrolytic capacitors that involves forming the conductive polymer of the solid electrolyte layer in situ by means of chemical oxidative polymerization or electrochemical polymerization. Electronic circuits that include the electrolytic capacitors are also described.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of ionic liquids as the growth medium for polypyrrole films has been investigated, which results in significantly altered film morphologies and improved electrochemical activities.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of organic ferric sulfonates as oxidant as these salts easily form smooth, non-crystalline films was proposed for polypyrrole, polybithiopene, and polyterthiopene.
Abstract: Vapor phase polymerization is a versatile technique that can be used to obtain highly conducting coatings of conjugated polymer on both conducting and nonconducting substrates. This is demonstrated here by preparation of polypyrrole, polybithiopene, and polyterthiopene, coatings that otherwise must be prepared electrochemically in order to achieve the desired high conjugation. The method is based on the use of organic ferric sulfonates as oxidant as these salts easily form smooth, noncrystalline films. By proper choice of the sulfonate anion, the oxidizing power of the ferric salt can be varied over a wide range. The described technique can easily be adapted to different patterning techniques.
TL;DR: In this article, the fluorinated polyanilines poly(2-fluoroaniline) and poly( 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniliine) outstrip the parent compound polyAniline in their performance as an electrode modifier.
IMEC1
TL;DR: In this paper, conjugated polymers based on thienylene-PPV derivatives were prepared to be used as an active thin film layer in organic solar cells, achieved by oxidative coupling based on FeCl3 as an oxidant.