Showing papers on "Field (Bourdieu) published in 2021"

Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives on the CSR Construct’s Development and Future:

Abstract: This perspectives article seeks to comment and reflect on my 1999 BAS article titled “Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct,” and subsequent writings addressing the...

The Relationship between Stakeholder Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility: Differences, Similarities, and Implications for Social Issues in Management

Abstract: Although stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have evolved into major theoretical frameworks for exploring social issues in management, there is a limited and often misleading understanding of the relationship between them that inhibits the management field from adopting a social orientation to a full extent. Our aim is to remove unnecessary barriers that preclude collaboration between scholars in the stakeholder theory and CSR camps; empower organizational scholars and practitioners with a more nuanced language for dealing with social issues in management; and enable the creation of a coherent and integrative theoretical foundation in the area of social issues in management that has previously been at a disadvantage to other areas in management. In our conceptual analysis, we argue that stakeholder theory and CSR provide distinct but complementary theoretical frameworks with some overlap. The actual decision to choose a particular framework depends on the problem one wants to solve and the settings of that problem.

What Makes an Entrepreneurship Study Entrepreneurial? Toward A Unified Theory of Entrepreneurial Agency:

Abstract: Calls for greater contextualization have been powerful in motivating research and knowledge creation about entrepreneurship. However, unless counter-balanced with attempts to identify the field’s c...

Political ecology 1: From margins to center:

Abstract: Some epistemologies remain marginalized in political ecology Here I demonstrate why it is important to learn from various relational margins to further advance the field Insights and critiques fr

Entrepreneurial Identity: A Review and Research Agenda:

Abstract: Over the past three decades, research on entrepreneurial identity (EI) has grown particularly rapidly, yet in seemingly disparate directions. To lend structure to this fragmented field of inquiry, ...

The Shifting Sands of Motivation: Revisiting What Drives Contributors in Open Source

Abstract: Open Source Software (OSS) has changed drastically over the last decade, with OSS projects now producing a large ecosystem of popular products, involving industry participation, and providing professional career opportunities. But our field's understanding of what motivates people to contribute to OSS is still fundamentally grounded in studies from the early 2000s. With the changed landscape of OSS, it is very likely that motivations to join OSS have also evolved. Through a survey of 242 OSS contributors, we investigate shifts in motivation from three perspectives: (1) the impact of the new OSS landscape, (2) the impact of individuals' personal growth as they become part of OSS communities, and (3) the impact of differences in individuals' demographics. Our results show that some motivations related to social aspects and reputation increased in frequency and that some intrinsic and internalized motivations, such as learning and intellectual stimulation, are still highly relevant. We also found that contributing to OSS often transforms extrinsic motivations to intrinsic, and that while experienced contributors often shift toward altruism, novices often shift toward career, fun, kinship, and learning. OSS projects can leverage our results to revisit current strategies to attract and retain contributors, and researchers and tool builders can better support the design of new studies and tools to engage and support OSS development.

The Intrinsic Learning Goals of Elementary School Students, in Their Own Words:

Abstract: Applying intrinsic life goals and learning goals increases children’s autonomous motivation to learn and enjoyment of learning. A paucity of field-based intervention studies have focused on helping...

“Just-in-Place” labor: Driver organizing in the Uber workplace:

Abstract: This paper examines the socio-spatial dynamics of worker agency in the platform economy in the Washington, D.C. region. Drawing on the field of labor geography, we document the collective and inher...

New directions in environmental justice studies: examining the state and violence

Abstract: The field of environmental justice studies has blossomed into a multidisciplinary body of scholarship in the last few decades with contributions across the social sciences, humanities, law, and the...

Knowledge production, reflexivity, and the use of categories in migration studies: tackling challenges in the field

Abstract: Recent debates in migration studies target the non-reflexive use of categories that derive from nation-state- and ethnicity-centred epistemologies. However, what a category is and how categorizatio...

Workers’ organizations and the fetishism of the trade union form: toward new pathways for research on the labour movement?

Abstract: In the field of labour studies and industrial relations, there's a long-standing tradition, common to both the reformist and Marxist left, of focusing the analysis on the trade unions, the par exce...

Future Developments in Geographical Agent‐Based Models: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract: Despite reaching a point of acceptance as a research tool across the geographical and social sciences, there remain significant methodological challenges for agent-based models. These include recognizing and simulating emergent phenomena, agent representation, construction of behavioral rules, and calibration and validation. While advances in individual-level data and computing power have opened up new research avenues, they have also brought with them a new set of challenges. This article reviews some of the challenges that the field has faced, the opportunities available to advance the state-of-the-art, and the outlook for the field over the next decade. We argue that although agent-based models continue to have enormous promise as a means of developing dynamic spatial simulations, the field needs to fully embrace the potential offered by approaches from machine learning to allow us to fully broaden and deepen our understanding of geographical systems.

The Demotivating Effects of Communicating a Social-Political Stance: Field Experimental Evidence from an Online Labor Market Platform

Abstract: Despite a recent surge in corporate activism, with firm leaders communicating about social-political issues unrelated to their core businesses, we know little about its strategic implications. This...

Scientific Mapping of Social Media in Education: A Decade of Exponential Growth:

Abstract: Given the increasing number of research on social media for educational purposes, few studies have examined the scientific literature in this field of interest. However, reviews that comprehensivel...

Reflections on operationalizing an anti-racism pedagogy: teaching as regional storytelling

Abstract: Responding to rising social tensions and ongoing theoretical and political changes in the study of geography, we advocate for greater operationalizing of anti-racism pedagogies within the field. Su...

Getting Gig Workers to Do More by Doing Good: Field Experimental Evidence From Online Platform Labor Marketplaces:

Abstract: This article describes randomized field experiments implemented on two online labor market platforms examining the effect of employer charitable giving on a source of human capital that is becoming...

New clean energy communities in polycentric settings: Four avenues for future research

Abstract: Given the gaps between EU ambitions regarding energy community development and the current reality of clean energy communities in Europe, we explore a research framework enabling viable multi- and interdisciplinary research into new clean energy communities. We offer a definition of new clean energy communities, discuss their potential for wider dissemination and identify four factors that contribute to the current mismatch between ambitions and reality in energy community development. As a broader framework for interdisciplinary research into the field of new clean energy communities, we propose polycentric governance theory, considering the fact that the area of community energy systems is essentially multi-scalar, and that the rules of engagement in such systems are of great significance. This opens up four avenues for research on energy communities, which we outline in terms of enabling institutional contexts, potential for learning and transferability, business models and value propositions, and evaluation of outcomes and processes.

Redefining scholarship for health professions education: AMEE Guide No. 142.

Abstract: Scholarship is an integral aspect of academia. It shapes the practice of individuals and the field and is often used to inform career progression decisions and policies. This makes it high stakes. Yet it is complex, and ambiguous. Definitions vary and the term does not necessarily translate well across contexts. In this AMEE guide, our aim is to establish a contemporary definition of scholarship which is appropriate to health professions education (HPE). Our specific objectives are to provide guidance to support colleagues in their career development as professional educators and to challenge biases and assumptions about scholarship which may still exist in educational systems and structures. Ultimately, we hope that this work will advance the stature/standing of scholarship in the field. We provide a general definition of scholarship and how this relates to the scholarship of teaching (and learning) (SoT[L]) and scholarly teaching. Drawing on Boyer's seminal work, we describe different types of scholarship and reflect on how these apply to HPE, before moving on to describe different types of engagement with scholarship in HPE, including scope of contribution and influence. Using cases and examples, we illustrate differences in scholarly engagement across stages of a career, contexts, and ways of engaging. We provide guidance on how to assess 'quality' of scholarship. We offer practical advice for health professions' educators seeking academic advancement. We advocate that institutional leaders consider their systems and structures, so that these align with faculty work patterns, and judge teaching and professional practice appropriately. We conclude by offering a new definition of scholarship in HPE.

Obstructing lives: local borders and their structural violence in the asylum field of post-2015 Europe

Abstract: This article contributes to the literature debate on local-level as a crucial arena of migration government in Europe, after the so-called ‘refugees crisis’ in 2015 and the attempt to limit migrati...

Chasing Ghosts: Race, Racism, and the Future of Microbiome Research.

Abstract: In this article, we argue that a careful examination of human microbiome science's relationship with race and racism is necessary to foster equitable social and ecological relations in the field. We point to the origins and evolution of the problematic use of race in microbiome literature by demonstrating the increased usage of race both explicitly and implicitly in and beyond the human microbiome sciences. We demonstrate how these uses limit the future of rigorous and just microbiome research. We conclude with an outline of alternative actionable ways to build a more effective, antiracist microbiome science.

Do Politicians Discriminate Against Internal Migrants? Evidence from Nationwide Field Experiments in India

Abstract: In recent decades, the global south has witnessed an explosive increase in the number of people relocating from rural to urban areas. Yet many migrants struggle to integrate into destination cities, facing severe hurdles to accessing adequate housing, as well as essential public goods and services such as healthcare and education. We posit that a key explanation for these difficulties lies in unequal political representation. We conduct two audit experiments to test whether urban politicians discriminate against internal migrants vis-à-vis long-term residents (“natives”) in providing essential constituency services. We find that fictitious migrants are 23% less likely to receive a callback from a councilor in response to a mailed letter request for assistance compared to an otherwise similar native. What mechanisms explain this effect? In a second experiment using SMS, we show that migrants signaling that they are registered to vote in municipal ward elections receive callbacks at much higher rates than migrants signaling they are unregistered. Even more strikingly, signaling that migrants are registered to vote closes the migrantnative callback gap documented in the first experiment. We take this to indicate that politicians’ beliefs about migrants’ generally low participation in city elections leads them to ignore requests by migrants for help, because they foresee no electoral returns to providing assistance. Overall, this paper informs policy debates about how to improve the welfare of internal migrants, who count among the world’s most marginalized population groups. In recent decades, cities and towns across the global south have witnessed explosive population growth—a trend spurred, in significant measure, by rural-to-urban migration (Bell and Charles-Edwards, 2013). Fast-paced urbanization generates sizable economic gains. Economists from Adam Smith to Karl Marx viewed metropolitan expansion as both the “natural outcome of the development of the productive forces as well as the launch pad for sustaining that development” (Merrifield, 2013, 22), while modern commentators have dubbed cities “our greatest invention” (Glaeser, 2011). Yet—and as Marx famously recognized—such rapid demographic transformations carry the potential to dramatically reconfigure social and political life. Across the urban centers of the developing world, migrants hungry for opportunity and advancement contribute to a burgeoning, marginalized underclass (Davis, 2006). Teeming informal settlements—characterized by high crime levels, as well as inadequate infrastructure, housing, healthcare, and education—are hallmarks of megacities such as Rio de Janeiro, Lagos, and Mumbai (Auerbach, 2016). With the world’s urban population projected to increase by 2.5 billion people by 2050, and with 90 percent of that surge concentrated in Asia and Africa, the task of integrating internal migrants ranks among the most urgent challenges confronting governments across the global South today (United Nations, 2014). What accounts for patterns of government neglect in cities undergoing rapid growth? In particular, do elected officials charged with providing essential goods and services to urban citizens respond differently to migrant newcomers compared to long-term city residents? And if so, on what basis? Despite recent attempts to document the hurdles encountered by international immigrants in Western Europe and the United States (Adida, Laitin and Valfort, 2010; Dancygier, 2010; Hainmueller and Hangartner, 2014), existing scholarship remains blind to the parallel challenges faced by internal migrants in poorer countries. Given that domestic population flows numerically far outstrip international immigration movements, this represents a serious omission—one that we set out to rectify.

Communicating What We Know and What Isn’t So: Science Communication in Psychology:

Abstract: The field of psychology has a long history of encouraging researchers to disseminate their findings to the broader public. This trend has continued in recent decades in part because of professional psychology organizations reissuing calls to "give psychology away." This recent wave of calls to give psychology away is different because it has been occurring alongside another movement in the field-the credibility revolution in which psychology has been reckoning with metascientific questions about what exactly psychologists know. This creates a dilemma for the modern psychologist: How is one to "give psychology away" if one is unsure about what is known or what one has to give? In the current article, we discuss strategies for navigating this tension by drawing on insights from the interdisciplinary fields of science communication and persuasion and social influence.

The Identity Crisis in Language Motivation Research

Abstract: The 40th anniversary of the Journal of Language and Social Psychology occurs around the corner of another anniversary, the language motivation field reaching 60 years. At this occasion, we pause to...

Thinking about social power and hierarchy in medical education.

Abstract: Context Social power has been diversely conceptualised in many academic areas. Operating on both the micro (interactional) and macro (structural) levels, we understand power to shape behaviour and knowledge through both repression and production. Hierarchies are one organising form of power, stratifying individuals or groups based on the possession of valued social resources. Discussion Medicine is a highly organised social context where work and learning are contingent on interaction and thereby influenced greatly by social power and hierarchy. Despite the relevance of power to education research, there are many unrealized opportunities to use this construct to expand our understanding of how physicians work and learn. Hierarchy, when considered in our field, is typically gestured to as an omnipresent feature of the clinical environment that harms low-status individuals by repressing their ability to communicate openly and exercise their agency. This may be true in many circumstances, but this conceptualization of hierarchy neglects consideration of other aspects of hierarchy that may be generative for understanding the experiences of medical learners. For example, medical learners may experience the superimposition of multiple hierarchies, some of which are fluid and some of which are calcified, some of which are productive and helpful and some of which are oppressive and harmful. Power may work 'up' and 'across' hierarchical ranks, rather than just from higher status to lower status individuals. Conclusion The conceptualizations of how social power shapes human behaviour are diverse. Often paired with hierarchy, or social arrangement, these social scientific ideas have much to offer our collective study of the ways that health professionals learn and practice. Accordingly, we posit that a consideration of the ways social power works through hierarchies to nurture or harm the growth of learners should be granted explicit consideration in the framing and conduct of medical education research.

Unravelling the polyphony in clinical reasoning research in medical education

Abstract: Rationale Clinical reasoning lies at the heart of medical practice and has a long research tradition Nevertheless, research is scattered across diverse academic disciplines with different research traditions in a wide range of scientific journals This polyphony is a source of conceptual confusion Aims and objectives We sought to explore the underlying theoretical assumptions of clinical reasoning aiming to promote a comprehensive conceptual and theoretical understanding of the subject area In particular, we asked how clinical reasoning is defined and researched and what conceptualizations are relevant to such uses Methods A scoping review of the clinical reasoning literature was undertaken Using a "snowball" search strategy, the wider scientific literature on clinical reasoning was reviewed in order to clarify the different underlying conceptual assumptions underlying research in clinical reasoning, particularly to the field of medical education This literature included both medical education, as well as reasoning research in other academic disciplines outside medical education, that is relevant to clinical reasoning A total of 124 publications were included in the review Results A detailed account of the research traditions in clinical reasoning research is presented In reviewing this research, we identified three main conceptualisations of clinical reasoning: "reasoning as cognitive activity," "reasoning as contextually situated activity," and "reasoning as socially mediated activity" These conceptualisations reflected different theoretical understandings of clinical reasoning Each conceptualisation was defined by its own set of epistemological assumptions, which we have identified and described Conclusions Our work seeks to bring into awareness implicit assumptions of the ongoing clinical reasoning research and to hopefully open much needed channels of communication between the different research communities involved in clinical reasoning research in the field

In-the-loop or on-the-loop? Interactional arrangements to support team coordination with a planning agent

Abstract: In this paper we present the study of interactional arrangements that support the collaboration of headquarters (HQ), field responders and a computational planning agent in a time-critical task setting created by a mixed-reality game. Interactional arrangements define the extent to which control is distributed between the collaborative parties.We provide two field trials, one to study an “on-the-loop” arrangement in which HQ monitors and intervenes in agent instructions to field players on demand, and the other to study a version that places headquarters more tightly “in-the-loop”. The studies provide and understanding of the sociotechnical collaboration between players and the agent in these interactional arrangements, by conducting interaction analysis of video recordings and game log data. The first field trial focuses on the collaboration of field responders with the planning agent. Findings highlight how players negotiate the agent guidance within the social interaction of the collocated teams. The second field trial focuses on the collaboration between the automated planning agent and the headquarters. We find that the human coordinator and the agent can successfully work together in most cases, with human coordinators inspecting and ‘correcting’ the agent-proposed plans. Through this field trial-driven development process, we generalise interaction design implications of automated planning agents around the themes of supporting common ground and mixed-initiative planning.