Showing papers on "Soil stabilization published in 2018"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the key factors affecting zeolite synthesis, primarily from coal fly ash; the drawbacks of each approach are also analysed, and the characterization and potential applications of these materials are analyzed in detail through reference to the numerous studies published on fly ash worldwide over the last number of decades.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the mechanical performance of clayey soil stabilization using volcanic ash (VA) based geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and determined the effects of curing conditions and time.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the practice in stabilization techniques and challenges is presented with a discussion, and available studies regarding the effects of various types of stabilizing agents on the engineering and geotechnical properties of stabilized soils are reviewed.
Abstract: Soil stabilization is a technique to improve the engineering and geotechnical properties of soils such as mechanical strength, permeability, compressibility, durability and plasticity. Much has been learned about soil stabilization techniques and additives over the past century. The state of the practice in stabilization techniques and challenges is presented with a discussion. Moreover, available studies regarding the effects of various types of stabilizing agents on the engineering and geotechnical properties of stabilized soils are reviewed here. These stabilizing agents include both calcium-based and non-calcium-based additives. Eco-friendly additives as alternative materials to conventional stabilizing agents are also discussed in this paper. In addition, the problems associated with the presence of disruptive salts and sulfate as well as the techniques to overcome these problems in soil stabilization projects are reviewed.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of chitosan incorporation on mechanical properties of soil has been evaluated comprehensively, and the results show that incorporation has a potential to increase the interparticle interaction of the soil particles which leads to improved mechanical properties.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the problems associated with soil failure that occur during the construction and widening of roads and highways in the area of interest, and demonstrate that satisfactory strength can be achieved with the addition of 5% additives to the soil mixture.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of adding RHA and ordinary Portland cement on the geotechnical properties of the clayey sand sampled from the Sejzi area, which lies east of the city of Isfahan, Iran.
Abstract: Highway construction and maintenance are usually expensive, and cost control efficiency is imperative. Although there are several stabilization methods, soil stabilization with agricultural waste materials, such as rice husk ash (RHA), is among the most eco-friendly and affordable methods. The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of adding RHA and ordinary Portland cement on the geotechnical properties of the clayey sand sampled from the Sejzi area, which lies east of the city of Isfahan, Iran. First, the oxide compounds of RHA, cement, and soil were determined using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) test. Five different compounds of the soil with 2, 4, 6, and 8% of cement were mixed, and, later, different percentages of RHA (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) were added to determine the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), optimum moisture content (ω opt ), and maximum dry density (γ d ) of the stabilized soil compounds with 7, 14, and 28 curing days. The results showed that by increasing the content of RHA, the ω opt of the specimens increased, while the γ d decreased. The 28-day-cured specimen with 6% RHA and 8% cement showed the highest values of UCS and CBR at 25.44 and 18.2 times more than those of the values for untreated soil, respectively. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) test of the aforementioned stabilized soil was characterized as a well-structured soil matrix with very small pores, which can be attributed to the pozzolanic reactions of the cement and RHA. The effectiveness, abundance, and the low cost of RHA will attract considerable environmental interest in this research.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated and identified the mechanisms by which a remoulded expansive soil was modified or altered by a non-traditional admixture, lignosulfonate (LS).
Abstract: This study investigated and identified the mechanisms by which a remoulded expansive soil was modified or altered by a non-traditional admixture, lignosulfonate (LS). To achieve this objective, untreated and LS treated samples of expansive soil were examined microscopically using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), a Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Computed Tomography (CT-Scan), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and the role of Specific Surface Area (SSA). The interest was to identify and compare any physical and chemical changes between the untreated and treated samples and then propose the most likely reaction modes between the admixture and the soil minerals. The results indicated that the percent swell is intimately related to the amount of water that is adsorbed by the expansive clay minerals. Furthermore, the amount of moisture in an expansive soil is influenced by a small addition of organic (cationic) compound such as LS. The adsorption of LS on the mineral surfaces provided waterproofing effect on soil due to the hydrophobic nature of LS, which in turn contributed to a decrease in the extent of swelling of the otherwise expansive soil. The basal and peripheral adsorption of LS led to smearing and subsequent agglomeration of soil particles restricting water ingress into the soil body. In addition, the cationic exchange between the admixture and the soil particle surfaces (i.e. replacing the negative surfaces on clay lattices) prompted flocculation, which further decreased the soil’s affinity to water.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study on the sulfate attack resistance of a LAS stabilized clayey soil, which is composed of GGBS, sodium silicate, calcium carbide residue (CCR), air foam, and clayy soil, was conducted.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two different ratios of binders (CCR:FA=40:60 and CCR:FA = 60:40) at five different binder contents (3, 6, 9, 12% and 15%) were utilized to investigate strength properties of a model soil.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of experimental work for the optimisation of a binary blended cementitious binder (BBCB) using two types of fly ash as an alternative for use in soft soil stabilisation.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the improvements induced in dispersive soils as a result of microbial calcite precipitation and furthermore, the controlling factors are looked into, such as curing time, as well as bacterial cell density, precipitating agent concentration, and temperature.
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the published literature on the use of recycled tyres and tiles to stabilize and enhance soft soils was carried out in this article, where the suitability of recycled tiles and tyres in soil stabilization has been discussed with regard to enhancement of strength and reduction of settlement.
Abstract: Tile waste is found in several forms including manufacturing slurry, manufacturing dust, and solid pieces from cracked, smashed, and rejected tiles at the construction sites. Worn out tyres that are no longer safe to be used by vehicles are either discarded or burned, adversely impacting natural ecosystems. These wastes are non-degradable and have a direct environmental impact. Poor waste management can lead to hazardous pollution, reduced soil fertility, and increased space consumption at disposal sites. The massive and increasing volume of the tile and tyre wastes calls for recycling of the materials for economical reuse, cleaner production, and greener development. One area for beneficial reuse of these waste materials is the improvement of engineering properties in soft soil. Structures on soft soils may experience several forms of damage due to insufficient bearing capacity and excessive settlement. Hence, soil stabilization is often necessary to ensure that the soft soil can meet the engineering requirements for stability. A comprehensive review of the published literature on the use of recycled tyres and tiles to stabilize and enhance soft soils was carried out. The properties of soft soil-waste mixtures such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, compaction behaviour, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio have been presented. When used as partial replacement of cement, sand, and aggregate in concrete, the effect of tyre and tile waste on workability, durability, and compressive strength of the concrete has also been presented. Recycled tiles and tyres have been used with or without any other admixtures to sustainably improve the strength and bearing capacity of soil. The suitability of recycled tiles and tyres in soil stabilization has been discussed with regard to enhancement of strength and reduction of settlement. In addition, the beneficial effects of the recycled tiles and tyres, when they partially replace cement, sand or stone in concrete, have been discussed.
TL;DR: A detailed study on the behavior and use of waste plastic in soil improvement is presented in this paper, where a series of compaction, direct shear and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests have been performed with varying percentages of plastic strips and also with different aspect ratios in terms of size.
Abstract: With rapid advancements in technology globally, the use of plastics such as polyethylene bags, bottles etc. is also increasing. The disposal of thrown away wastes pose a serious challenge since most of the plastic wastes are non-biodegradable and unfit for incineration as they emit harmful gases. Soil stabilization improves the engineering properties of weak soils by controlled compaction or adding stabilizers like cement, lime etc. but these additives also have become expensive in recent years. This paper presents a detailed study on the behavior and use of waste plastic in soil improvement. Experimental investigation on reinforced plastic soil results showed that, plastic can be used as an effective stabilizer so as to encounter waste disposal problem as well as an economical solution for stabilizing weak soils. Plastic reinforced soil behaves like a fiber reinforced soil. This study involves the investigation of the effect of plastic bottle strips on silty sand for which a series of compaction, direct shear and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests have been performed with varying percentages of plastic strips and also with different aspect ratios in terms of size. The results reflect that there is significant increment in maximum dry unit weight, Shear Strength Parameters and CBR value with plastic reinforcement in soil. The quantum of improvement in the soil properties depends on type of soil, plastic content and size of strip. It is observed from the study that, improvement in engineering properties of silty sand is achieved at 0.4% plastic content with strip size of (15 mm × 15 mm).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effectiveness of alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and enzyme as compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the soil collected from Tilda region of Chhattisgarh, India.
Abstract: Development and use of non-traditional stabilizers such as enzyme and alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) for soil stabilization helps to reduce the cost and the detrimental effects on the environment. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of alkali-activated GGBS and enzyme as compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the soil collected from Tilda region of Chhattisgarh, India. Geopolymers are alkali alumino-silicates produced when combining a solid alumina-silicate with an aqueous alkali hydroxide or silicate solution. Various dosages of the selected stabilizers have been used and evaluated for the effects on optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density, plasticity index, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and shear strength parameters. Effect of curing period has also been studied. Microstructural changes of the stabilized soils show aggregation of particles. Significant improvement in properties of soil is observed with the addition of stabilizers leading to an increase in OMC, UCS and shear strength parameters. It is observed that the cohesion of soil sample increases significantly with the addition of stabilizers whereas there is a marginal change in angle of internal friction. Thus, the findings recommend the use of non-conventional stabilizer such as alkali-activated GGBS and enzyme as suitable and environmental friendly as compared to OPC for soil stabilization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose that premature failures in chemically stabilized expansive soils cost millions of dollars in maintenance and repair and one reason for these failures is the inability of existing stabilization desi...
Abstract: Premature failures in chemically stabilized expansive soils cost millions of dollars in maintenance and repair. One reason for these failures is the inability of existing stabilization desi...
TL;DR: In this article, highway subgrade construction has been identified as one of the viable answer for lignin byproduct by-product, stockpiles of which are rapidly increasing worldwide due to growing demand.
Abstract: Lignin is an industrial by-product, stockpiles of which are rapidly increasing worldwide due to growing demand. Highway subgrade construction has been identified as one of the viable answer...
TL;DR: Swelling, shrinking, and subsequent low strength of expansive soil poses significant damage to structures if it is considered as foundation or fill material as discussed by the authors. But the use of cement has become...
Abstract: Swelling, shrinking, and subsequent low strength of expansive soil poses significant damage to structures if it is considered as foundation or fill material. Recently, the use of cement has become ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated carbide lime, the residue resulting from the extraction of the carbide acid from the soil, and found that increased use of industrial residues for soil stabilization is a necessary practice for sustainable geotechnics.
Abstract: Increased use of industrial residues for soil stabilization is a necessary practice for sustainable geotechnics. The present study investigates carbide lime, the residue resulting from the ...
TL;DR: The rapid development of urban areas and the increase in construction activities have resulted in a scarcity of land with favorable soil conditions, necessitating the use of locally availab... as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The rapid development of urban areas and the increase in construction activities have resulted in a scarcity of land with favorable soil conditions, necessitating the use of locally availab...
TL;DR: A new method for soil stabilization known as microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been the focus of research in this area during the last decade as mentioned in this paper, where the reaction of micro...
Abstract: A new method for soil stabilization known as microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been the focus of research in this area during the last decade. In this method, the reaction of micro...
TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive number of studies are reviewed to understand the behavior of the peat after being stabilized and it is shown that peat contents differs from one location to another, thus inevitably gives different behavior.
Abstract: Peat has been considered as an organics remnant that suffers decomposition process throughout times under overburden pressure. Composition of peats normally consists of organics materials which sometimes exceed 75% specifically from woods that grows in marshes and places in conditions where deficiencies of oxygen exist. Usually peat area related with swampy and normally a low shear strength region. High compressibility is significant and often related to problematic soil for construction purposes. In this article, extensive number of studies are reviewed to understand the behavior of the peat after being stabilized. New findings indicated that the peat contents differs from one location to another, thus inevitably gives different behavior. Many improvisation methods have been put forward such as chemical stabilization, cement stabilization, deep mixing and fiber reinforcement to name a few to enhance the strength properties of the peat. This is mainly for construction reliability purposes. However, the suitability of the ground improvement for peat thus depend on its fundamental properties and cost involve for any dedicated ground construction work. This paper review the properties of peat in Malaysia and reviewed recent development in the peaty soil stabilization in Malaysia. It is also compared the materials used for the peat stabilization and the expansive clay soils as the main two problematic soils.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of biomass bottom ash as a stabilizing agent for expansive soils, to improve the efficiency of the construction process by incorporating this product into a second life cycle as road bases.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ordinary Portland cement, OPC+Quarry Dust, QD on the adsorbed moisture, diffused double layer (DDL), dielectric constant, density and repulsion potential (RP) of treated lateritic soil was investigated through laboratory tests.
Abstract: The effect of ordinary Portland cement, OPC+Quarry Dust, QD on the adsorbed moisture, diffused double layer (DDL), dielectric constant, density and repulsion potential (RP) of treated lateritic soil was investigated through laboratory tests. The preliminary tests showed that the natural soil was an A-2-7 soil, according to the AASHTO classification system, highly plastic soil and high swelling potentials. The soil was treated with a fixed 5% OPC and varying proportions of QD at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50% by weight of the dry soil. The stabilization results showed that the compaction properties improved consistently, with the addition of the QD. Also, the addition of the QD reduced the adsorbed moisture and consequently reduced the double diffused layer and the repulsion potential, which constitute the properties investigated within the adsorbed complex in the stabilization operation. These observations brought about the cation exchange reaction between the metallic ions that were attracted to the adsorption complex, resulting to densification, flocculation from the natural state of dispersion of particles and strength gain in the stabilization procedure. Results also showed that the repulsion potential increased in magnitude with the distance between the reactive particles and the clay surface and reduced with increased proportions of QD. The dielectric constant also reduced considerably with adsorbed moisture, which indicated that the dielectric was affected by the moisture and the ions released within the adsorbed complex.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of three treatment methods (soil excavation and disposal, soil washing, and phytoextraction) in 16 scenarios of different soil texture, site scale, soil metal, and contamination levels with reviewed literature information.
Abstract: Soil heavy metal contamination results in both huge economic loss and severe health problem. Many technologies, such as soil stabilization/solidification, soil excavation, soil washing, chemical extraction and phytoremediation, have been developed to treat soil heavy metal contamination. Among these methods, phytoremediation is usually regarded as a promising, environment-friendly, and cost-effective method. However, little information has been found to support this idea. Hence, in this study, we have conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of three treatment methods (soil excavation and disposal, soil washing, and phytoextraction) in 16 scenarios of different soil texture, site scale, soil metal, and contamination levels with reviewed literature information. The results have showed that phytoextraction is more cost-effective when dealing with the slightly polluted soils, while soil washing is cost-effective for severely-contaminated scenarios.
TL;DR: The results support the use of spectral induced polarization and shear-wave velocity as soil strengthening characterization and long term monitoring tools, which is a requirement for viable soil stabilization projects.
TL;DR: In this article, a study on the strength and durability aspects of coal ash stabilized rammed earth intensifying on the utilization of industrial waste for a sustainable method of construction is presented.
Abstract: Rammed earth construction is an ancient technique which when combined with modern methods could bring substantial improvement in the construction of buildings. This paper presents a study on the strength and durability aspects of coal ash stabilized rammed earth intensifying on the utilization of industrial waste for a sustainable method of construction. At first, compaction studies were done with different combinations of bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) mixtures to obtain an optimum content for use as binder. The optimized amount of binder was then added to soil in varying proportions along with cement to determine the compaction behavior. From the compaction results, 30% of binder content was proposed for stabilization of the rammed earth and all the further studies were carried out by adding this amount of binder. Unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized soil was determined after 7, 14, 28, 45 and 60 days which showed significant improvement in comparison to the pure soil. Microstructural and mineralogical studies were done to affirm the strength test results and to determine the effect of binders on soil stabilization. Compression tests on stabilized rammed earth were also conducted using large cylinders and masonry prisms after 28 days of curing. Durability of the stabilized soil was assessed through spray erosion test which showed their effectiveness in resistance to erosion. Coal ash stabilized soil showed promising results for their utilization in rammed earth construction.
TL;DR: Use of visual identification of SBS levels in combination with DSC-TGA enables rapid evaluation of the spatial variability of the effects of fire on SOM properties, useful to predict soil degradation process and implement emergency soil stabilization techniques.
TL;DR: In this paper, a calcium-based stabilizer such as lime and cement control swell and shrinkage behavior and enhance strength properties for expansive soils through the formation of pozzolanic components.
Abstract: Calcium-based stabilizers such as lime and cement control swell and shrinkage behavior and enhance strength properties for expansive soils through the formation of pozzolanic components. However, s...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of nanoclay on dispersivity potential of two types of clayey soils with low plasticity and high plasticity has been studied, and the results obtained from different tests, it was found that the addition of nano-materials to dispersive clayy soils could decrease their dispersive potential considerably.
Abstract: Common strategies for improvement of dispersive soils include chemical stabilization with various additives such as lime, cement, bitumen, resin, etc. Application of the mentioned materials in terms of technical and economic considerations has advantages and certain limitations. Recently, due to improvements in nano-materials production and application, use of this type of materials in different sciences especially geotechnical engineering has been considered. In this research, the effect of nanoclay on dispersivity potential of two types of clayey soils with low plasticity and high plasticity has been studied. For this purpose, first identification tests were implemented on two types of clayey soils and nanoclay, and then pinhole tests were conducted on soil samples with different amounts of nanoclay including (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% by dry weight) with respect to curing ages of 1, 3 and 7 days. Based on the results obtained from different tests, it was found that the addition of nanoclay to dispersive clayey soils could decrease their dispersivity potential considerably.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors experimentally study the stabilized marine and desert sands using deep mixing method by ordinary Portland cement and sodium bentonite, and a mathematical model was developed for predicting the strength of the treated soils.
Abstract: Road construction is becoming increasingly important in marine and desert areas due to population growth and economic development. However, the load carrying capacity of pavement is of gear concern to design and geotechnical engineers because of the poor engineering properties of the soils in these areas. Therefore, stabilization of the soils is regarded as an important issue. Besides, due to the fuels combustion and carbonate decomposition, cement industry generates around 5% of global CO2 emission. Thus, using bentonite as a natural pozzolan in soil stabilization is more eco-friendly than using cement. The aim of this research is to experimentally study of the stabilized marine and desert sands using deep mixing method by ordinary Portland cement and sodium bentonite. Different partial percentages of cement along with different weight percentages of sodium bentonite were added to the sands. Unconfined compression test (UCS), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were conducted on the specimens. Moreover, a mathematical model was developed for predicting the strength of the treated soils.