Showing papers on "Solenoid published in 2014"

Canted–Cosine–Theta Magnet (CCT)—A Concept for High Field Accelerator Magnets

Abstract: Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) magnet is an accelerator magnet that superposes fields of nested and tilted solenoids that are oppositely canted. The current distribution of any canted layer generates a pure harmonic field as well as a solenoid field that can be cancelled with a similar but oppositely canted layer. The concept places windings within mandrel's ribs and spars that simultaneously intercept and guide Lorentz forces of each turn to prevent stress accumulation. With respect to other designs, the need for pre-stress in this concept is reduced by an order of magnitude making it highly compatible with the use of strain sensitive superconductors such as Nb3Sn or HTS. Intercepting large Lorentz forces is of particular interest in magnets with large bores and high field accelerator magnets like the one foreseen in the future high energy upgrade of the LHC. This paper describes the CCT concept and reports on the construction of CCT1 a “proof of principle” dipole.

Multilayer liquid metal stretchable inductors

Abstract: Liquid metals are ideally suited for creating low resistance traces able to undergo large mechanical strains. In this work, multilayer fluidic channels in soft silicone are used to create two inductor topologies, a solenoid and a double planar coil, based on the liquid metal galinstan. Electromechanical models were developed for the inductance upon stretching for each inductor, finding that the double planar coil has lower strain sensitivity in each direction than the solenoid. A three turn double planar coil and six turn solenoid, with unstretched inductances of approximately 250 nH and 55 nH respectively, were fabricated and tested using custom tensile and compressive strain testing setups and compared with the analytical model. The double planar coil was found to increase in inductance when stretched in either in-plane axes, with a measured rise of approximately 40% for 100% strain. The solenoid decreased in inductance by 24% for 100% strain along the core direction, and increased by 50% for the same strain along the core width.

Omnimagnet: An Omnidirectional Electromagnet for Controlled Dipole-Field Generation

Abstract: An Omnimagnet is an omnidirectional electromagnet comprising a spherical ferromagnetic core inside of three orthogonal nested solenoids. It generates a magnetic dipole field with both a variable dipole-moment magnitude and orientation with no moving parts. The magnetic and physical properties (e.g., dipole moment, weight, resistance, and inductance) of any Omnimagnet are derived. These general relationships are used to design an optimal Omnimagnet subject to the constraints that it has the same dipole-moment per applied current in any direction, each solenoid has no quadrupole contribution to the magnetic field, and the spherical core size maximizes the strength of the resulting dipole field. This optimal design is analyzed using FEA tools and is verified to be dipole-like in nature. Finally, the optimal design is constructed and its utility is demonstrated by driving a helical capsule-endoscope mockup through a transparent lumen.

Significantly Enhanced Inductance and Quality Factor of GHz Integrated Magnetic Solenoid Inductors With FeGaB/ ${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}$ Multilayer Films

Abstract: We report new high quality factor (Q) integrated GHz magnetic inductors based on solenoid structures with FeGaB/Al2O3 multilayer films, which show significantly enhanced inductance and quality factor at GHz frequencies over their air core counterparts. These inductors show an excellent high-frequency performance with a wide operation frequency range 0.5-2.5 GHz, in which the inductance is flat and the peak quality factor can reach ~20. The inductance of the magnetic inductor shows >100% enhancement compared with that of the same size air core inductor. These novel GHz inductors with high inductance and Q enhancement show great promise for applications in radio frequency integrated circuits.

Position control of an electro-pneumatic system based on PWM technique and FLC

Abstract: In this paper, modeling and PWM based control of an electro-pneumatic system, including the four 2–2 valves and a double acting cylinder are studied. Dynamic nonlinear behavior of the system, containing fast switching solenoid valves and a pneumatic cylinder, as well as electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and fluid subsystems are modeled. A DC–DC power converter is employed to improve solenoid valve performance and suppress system delay. Among different position control methods, a proportional integrator derivative (PID) controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are evaluated. An experimental setup, using an AVR microcontroller is implemented. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies.

A high-repetition rate edge localised mode replication system for the Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI linear devices

Abstract: A high-power edge-localized mode (ELM) striking onto divertor components presents one of the strongest lifetime and performance challenges for plasma facing components in future fusion reactors. A high-repetition-rate ELM replication system has been constructed and was commissioned at the Magnum-PSI linear device to investigate the synergy between steady state plasma exposure and the large increase in heat and particle flux to the plasma facing surface during repeated ELM transients in conditions aiming to mimic as closely as possible those in the ITER divertor. This system is capable of increasing the electron density and temperature from ~1 × 1020 m−3 to ~1 × 1021 m−3 and from 1 to 5 eV respectively, leading to a heat flux increase at the surface to ~130 MW m−2. By combining Thomson scattering measurements with heat fluxes determined using the THEODOR code, the sheath heat transmission factor during the pulses was determined to be ≈7.7, in agreement with sheath theory. The heat flux is found to be linearly dependent upon the strength of the magnetic field at the target position, and, by adapting the system to Pilot-PSI, tests at 1.6 T showed heat fluxes of more than 600 MW m−2. This gives confidence that with the installation of a 2.5 T superconducting magnetic solenoid at Magnum-PSI the heat flux will reach the ITER-relevant gigawatt per square metre heat flux regime.

Study on a linear relationship between limited pressure difference and coil current of on/off valve and its influential factors.

Abstract: On/off solenoid valves with PWM control are widely used in all types of vehicle electro-hydraulic control systems respecting to their desirable properties of reliable, low cost and fast acting. However, it can hardly achieve a linear hydraulic modulation by using on/off valves mainly due to the nonlinear behaviors of valve dynamics and fluid, which affects the control accuracy significantly. In this paper, a linear relationship between limited pressure difference and coil current of an on/off valve in its critical closed state is proposed and illustrated, which has a great potential to be applied to improve hydraulic control performance. The hydraulic braking system of case study is modeled. The linear correspondence between limited pressure difference and coil current of the inlet valve is simulated and further verified experimentally. Based on validated simulation models, the impacts of key parameters are researched. The limited pressure difference affected by environmental temperatures is experimentally studied, and the amended linear relation is given according to the test data.

Getting a Grip on the Transverse Motion in a Zeeman Decelerator

Abstract: Zeeman deceleration is an experimental technique in which inhomogeneous, time-dependent magnetic fields generated inside an array of solenoid coils are used to manipulate the velocity of a supersonic beam. A 12-stage Zeeman decelerator has been built and characterized using hydrogen atoms as a test system. The instrument has several original features including the possibility to replace each deceleration coil individually. In this article, we give a detailed description of the experimental setup, and illustrate its performance. We demonstrate that the overall acceptance in a Zeeman decelerator can be significantly increased with only minor changes to the setup itself. This is achieved by applying a rather low, anti-parallel magnetic field in one of the solenoid coils that forms a temporally varying quadrupole field, and improves particle confinement in the transverse direction. The results are reproduced by three-dimensional numerical particle trajectory simulations thus allowing for a rigorous analysis of the experimental data. The findings suggest the use of a modified coil configuration to improve transverse focusing during the deceleration process.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis of Direct Acting Solenoid Valves for Clutch Control

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive nonlinear model of a typical direct acting solenoid valves utilized for clutch control in wet dual clutch transmissions. To do so, mathematical models of the integrated electrohydraulic solenoid valve and wet clutch piston assembly are developed in the Simulink environment of Matlab. Through simulation the operating characteristics of the control valve are analyzed, demonstrating that the valve achieves dual functionalities of high flow and accurate pressure control depending on demands. This is realized through the designed force balancing of the valve spool. The dependency of the system to system variables on input pressure and the influence of air content on dynamic response of the valve are investigated. The resilience of output pressure is demonstrated to these variables, indicating strong system reliability. Finally, the model is then validated using in situ experimental testing on a powertrain test rig. The comparison of experimental and simulated results for steady state pressure as well as step and ramp input responses demonstrate good agreement.

Development and Test of JT-60SA Central Solenoid Model Coil

Abstract: A central solenoid (CS) model coil (CSMC) was manufactured by using real manufacturing jigs and procedure to validate the CS manufacturing processes for JT-60SA. The winding accuracy and the temperature control precision during the heat treatment met the requirements. The vacuum pressure impregnation process was also successfully finished. The cold test of the CSMC was performed as a final check of the manufacturing process. The joint resistance, the Ic, and the pressure drop measurements were conducted as the verification test. The results of verification test satisfied the design requirements. These results indicate that the manufacturing processes of the JT-60SA CS has been established. The manufacturing of real CS pancakes just started after finishing the CSMC test.

Fluid leak detection and shutdown apparatus

Abstract: An apparatus and method for a fluid leak detection and shutdown for a fluid distribution system having a total system flow rate. The apparatus includes a solenoid shutoff valve having a normally open state and an activated closed state with a flow capacity matched to the total fluid distribution system flow rate. The apparatus also has a primary fluid flow line and a smaller capacity secondary fluid flow line. The apparatus includes a flow sensor in fluid communication with the secondary fluid flow line, wherein the flow sensor has a perceptible output and a flow rate capacity less than the solenoid shutoff flow capacity. Operationally, the flow sensor receives a portion of the solenoid shutoff valve flow capacity in priority over the primary fluid flow line, allowing the flow sensor to detect minimal flow rates and using the perceptible output to activate the solenoid shutoff valve into the closed state.

Pipeline defect detection method and device based on electromagnetic ultrasonic longitudinal guided waves

Abstract: The invention discloses a pipeline defect detection method based on electromagnetic ultrasonic longitudinal guided waves. The method comprises the following steps: arranging a plurality of annular magnets coaxial with a pipeline, so as to generate a radial static magnetic field on the surface of the pipeline; coaxially sleeving two sides of each annular magnet array with solenoid coils, so as to generate circumferential inducing vortex in the to-be-detected pipeline; and stimulating longitudinal-mode guided waves under the combined action of the circumferential inducing vortex and the radial static magnetic field, wherein when encountering a defect, the longitudinal-mode guided waves are reflected, and reflection echoes cause change of sensing voltage of a sensing coil when passing through a sensing coil, so as to judge that whether the defect exists in the pipeline or not. The invention further discloses a detection device and a sensor for detecting the pipeline by virtue of the device and the method. According to the method, the radial magnetic fields at the edges of the magnet arrays are adequately utilized, and the uniform radial magnetic field does not need to be generated, so that the complexity of the sensor is reduced; meanwhile, a single longitudinal-mode guided wave signal can be obtained, so that the defect signal analysis difficulty is reduced, and the detection process is rapid and efficient.

High-Q 3D RF solenoid inductors in glass

Abstract: In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of various 3D solenoid inductors using a glass core substrate. Solenoid inductors were fabricated in glass by drilling through holes in glass and semi-additive copper plating for metallization. This topology is compared to similar solenoid structures in terms of Q-factor performance and inductance density. Inductances of 1.8-4.5nH with Q ~ 60 at 1GHz were demonstrated.

ConSole: using modularity of Contact maps to locate Solenoid domains in protein structures

Abstract: Periodic proteins, characterized by the presence of multiple repeats of short motifs, form an interesting and seldom-studied group. Due to often extreme divergence in sequence, detection and analysis of such motifs is performed more reliably on the structural level. Yet, few algorithms have been developed for the detection and analysis of structures of periodic proteins. ConSole recognizes modularity in protein contact maps, allowing for precise identification of repeats in solenoid protein structures, an important subgroup of periodic proteins. Tests on benchmarks show that ConSole has higher recognition accuracy as compared to Raphael, the only other publicly available solenoid structure detection tool. As a next step of ConSole analysis, we show how detection of solenoid repeats in structures can be used to improve sequence recognition of these motifs and to detect subtle irregularities of repeat lengths in three solenoid protein families. The ConSole algorithm provides a fast and accurate tool to recognize solenoid protein structures as a whole and to identify individual solenoid repeat units from a structure. ConSole is available as a web-based, interactive server and is available for download at http://console.sanfordburnham.org .

Methodology for the repair of Denso Common Rail solenoid injectors

Abstract: The Common Rail injectors are the most sensitive, i.e. damageable, elements of the fuel delivery system of modern car engines [7, 8, 10]. This is chiefly due to exceptionally difficult operation conditions which may include, among others, high pressure and temperature, ballistic phenomena, turbulent fluid flow, etc. Defects appear as a result of the normal wear of needle and nozzle assemblies and actuators, occurring usually after the time of longer operation or use of considerable intensity. There are also defects being induced by erosion and cavitation, in particular in the vicinity of nozzle holes and control valve seat [1, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13]. In some cases, however, hugely accelerated processes take place, leading to premature damages. Failure wear, being also called pathological wear, may occur due to the use of fuels with inappropriate physicochemical properties (viscosity, density, water and sulphur content) and those being contaminated, for example, with the filings from faulty high-pressure pump [2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12]. The external damages, resulting from the improper assembly and disassembly of injectors being performed inconsistently with the recommendations of manufacturer or without specialist tools, e.g. slide tampers, hydraulic instruments, bench vices, repair kits, torque wrenches, etc., are a separate group.

Development of Digital Flow Control System for Multi-Channel Variable-Rate Sprayers

Abstract: . Precision modulation of nozzle flow rates is a critical step for variable-rate spray applications in orchards and ornamental nurseries. An automatic flow rate control system activated with microprocessors and pulse width modulation (PWM) controlled solenoid valves was developed to control flow rates of multi-channel nozzles independently for variable-rate sprayers. The system consists of a data acquisition module, a data processing module, and a flow rate control module. An embedded computer along with a touch screen was used to process control algorithms and allowed communication between the sprayer operator and the control system. The flow rate control module was designed with multi-channel driver circuits for activating the solenoid valves and driver protection circuits for avoiding surge voltages due to frequent on/off actions of the solenoid valves. Laboratory tests were conducted to verify the accuracy of the control system with three nozzles (0.530 to 1.703 L min -1 ) at four different operating pressures (138 to 345 kPa) and ten duty cycles (10% to 100%). The microcontroller-controlled circuit precisely produced PWM signals with desired pulse widths to match the duty cycles, and linear spray outputs were achieved accurately with the duty cycles of the PWM-controlled solenoid valves. With the protection circuit for the solenoid valve drivers, the longevity of the solenoid valves increased from 350 to 2,426 h. The system offers flexibility in choosing the number of connection channels needed for the number of nozzles individually or in a group on sprayers. Accordingly, together with canopy structures and travel speeds from laser scanning or other sensors, this compact control system is capable of performing variable flow rate functions for multiple nozzles separately.

Alignment of magnetic solenoid lenses for minimizing temporal distortions

Abstract: An ubiquitous focusing element for charged particles is the magnetic solenoid lens. For the case of ultrashort electron pulses, we show here that misalignment of the lens, i.e. displacement or tilt, causes significant temporal aberrations on a femtosecond time scale. Pulse-lengthening is only minimized if the beam travels on the symmetry axis. We present an experimental procedure with periodic reversal of the magnetic field for aligning position and tilt with sufficient precision for reducing the aberrations to less than one femtosecond. This method will be instrumental for advancing ultrafast electron microscopy and diffraction to ultimate temporal resolutions.

Design of 95 GHz gyrotron based on continuous operation copper solenoid with water cooling

Abstract: The design work for 2nd harmonic 95 GHz, 50 kW gyrotron based on continuous operation copper solenoid is presented. Thermionic magnetron injection gun specifications were calculated according to the linear trade off equation, and simulated with CST program. Numerical code is used for cavity design using the non-uniform string equation as well as particle motion in the “cold” cavity field. The mode TE02 with low Ohmic losses in the cavity walls was chosen as the operating mode. The Solenoid is designed to induce magnetic field of 1.8 T over a length of 40 mm in the interaction region with homogeneity of ±0.34%. The solenoid has six concentric cylindrical segments (and two correction segments) of copper foil windings separated by water channels for cooling. The predicted temperature in continuous operation is below 93 °C. The parameters of the design together with simulation results of the electromagnetic cavity field, magnetic field, electron trajectories, and thermal analyses are presented.

Note: A short-pulse high-intensity molecular beam valve based on a piezoelectric stack actuator

Abstract: Solenoid and piezoelectric disk valves, which are widely used to generate molecular beam pulses, still suffer from significant restrictions, such as pulse durations typically >50 μs, low repetition rates, and limited gas flows and operational times. Much of this arises owing to the limited forces these actuators can achieve. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a new pulsed valve based on a high-force piezoelectric stack actuator. We show here that operation with pulse durations as low as 20 μs and repetition rates up to 100 Hz can be easily achieved by operating the valve in conjunction with a commercial fast high-voltage switch. We outline our design and demonstrate its performance with molecular beam characterization via velocity map ion imaging.

Laser ion source with solenoid field

Abstract: Pulse length extension of highly charged ion beam generated from a laser ion source is experimentally demonstrated. The laser ion source (LIS) has been recognized as one of the most powerful heavy ion source. However, it was difficult to provide long pulse beams. By applying a solenoid field (90 mT, 1 m) at plasma drifting section, a pulse length of carbon ion beam reached 3.2 μs which was 4.4 times longer than the width from a conventional LIS. The particle number of carbon ions accelerated by a radio frequency quadrupole linear accelerator was 1.2 × 1011, which was provided by a single 1 J Nd-YAG laser shot. A laser ion source with solenoid field could be used in a next generation heavy ion accelerator.

Mass Production of Superconducting Magnet Components for JT-60SA

Abstract: JT-60SA is foreseen in the Broader Approach Agreement as the satellite tokamak for ITER. It uses 18 toroidal field coils, a central solenoid with four modules, and six equilibrium field coils. The coils are all superconducting with forced-flow cooled conductors. Series production of conductors and coils is progressing in Japan and Europe. This paper shows the latest manufacturing activities of the magnet system and its utilities.

Copper Solenoid Design for the Continuous Operation of a Second Harmonic 95-GHz Gyrotron

Abstract: A copper solenoid for the continuous operation of a second harmonic 95-GHz gyrotron is presently under development at Ariel University. The solenoid will provide a magnetic field of 1.8 T in the interaction region. The solenoid has six concentric cylindrical segments of copper foil windings and two correction segments. The segments are each separated by a gap of 5 mm in which water is pumped for cooling. A simulation predicts magnetic field homogeneity of ±0.34%over a length of 40 mm. The parameters of the design together with simulation results of the magnetic field, electron trajectories, and thermal analyses are presented.

Energy recyclable auxiliary hub motor hydraulic driving system and control method thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses an energy recyclable auxiliary hub motor hydraulic driving system which comprises a controller, a power take-off device, a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic control valve set and two hydraulic motors arranged in two front wheel hubs. The energy recyclable auxiliary hub motor hydraulic driving system is characterized in that the system further comprises two energy accumulators and two solenoid valves. A closed loop is formed by the hydraulic pump and the two hydraulic motors through the hydraulic control valve set, and two energy accumulators are mounted on the oil inlet loop and the oil outlet loop of the two hydraulic motors respectively through the solenoid valves. The system can improve the driving force of a whole vehicle on bad condition roads, can further achieve energy recovery when the vehicle brakes, and improve the economical efficiency of the whole vehicle by closing the engine when the vehicle travels at low speed.

Tactile low frequency transducer

Abstract: A transducer comprising: a flat strip of metal formed into a closed metal loop with two substantially parallel sides and rounded corners, a solenoid fixed to a surface on a first parallel side, and fixed magnets attached to an opposite parallel side of the trapezoidal shape to bring the fixed magnets into proximity with the solenoid, wherein at least one lateral side of the trapezoidal shape coupling said parallel sides has a continuously varying width, resulting in the transducer being able to resonate with high fidelity over a range of frequencies in response to reception of a signal comprising varying frequencies.

Electric automobile based multi-mode intelligent air conditioning system

Abstract: The invention discloses an electric automobile based multi-mode intelligent air conditioning system. The electric automobile based multi-mode intelligent air conditioning system comprises a frequency conversion compressor, a condenser, a drying bottle, an air blower, an ECU (Electronic Control Unit), a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heater and an instrument panel and also comprises pressure sensors, a temperature sensor and solenoid valves; the pressure sensors are arranged on seats respectively; the temperature sensor is arranged in front of an air outlet of the air blower; the solenoid valves are arranged at the positions of air outlets respectively; signal output terminals of the pressure sensors and a signal output end of the temperature sensor are connected with an input end of the ECU; the solenoid valves are connected with an output end of the ECU. According to the electric automobile based multi-mode intelligent air conditioning system, the required refrigerating capacity or warm air capacity can be automatically calculated according to the difference of the number of passengers and the seating positions, the air outlets formed at the corresponding positions respectively can be automatically opened and closed, and accordingly the utilization rate of the energy can be improved.

Direct injection pump control

Abstract: Methods are provided for controlling a solenoid spill valve of a direct injection fuel pump, wherein the solenoid spill valve is energized and de-energized according to certain conditions. An example control strategy is provided for operating the direct injection fuel pump when fuel vapor is detected at an inlet of the direct injection fuel pump. To ensure pump effectiveness during the presence of fuel vapor, the solenoid spill valve may be maintained energized for a minimum angular duration past a top-dead-center position of a piston in the direct injection fuel pump.

On-demand control of microfluidic flow via capillary-tuned solenoid microvalve suction

Abstract: A simple, low-cost and on-demand microfluidic flow controlling platform was developed based on a unique capillary-tuned solenoid microvalve suction effect without any outer pressure source. The suction effect was innovatively employed as a stable and controllable driving force for the manipulation of the microfluidic system by connecting a piece of capillary between the microvalve and the microfluidic chip, which caused significant hydrodynamic resistance differences among the solenoid valve ports and changed the flowing mode inside the valve. The volume of sucked liquid could be controlled from microliters even down to picoliters either by decreasing the valve energized duration (from a maximum energized duration to the valve response time of 20 ms) or by increasing the inserted capillary length (i.e., its hydrodynamic resistance). Several important microfluidic unit operations such as cell/droplet sorting and on-demand size-controllable droplet generation have been demonstrated on the developed platform and both simulations and experiments confirmed that this platform has good controllability and stability.