Philip K. Hopke

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided an assessment of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quantitative in providing best estimates and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liquid, mixed phase, and ice clouds; and deposition on snow and ice.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combined satellite-based estimates, chemical transport model simulations, and ground measurements from 79 different countries to produce global estimates of annual average fine particle (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations at 0.1° × 0. 1° spatial resolution for five-year intervals from 1990 to 2010 and the year 2013.

TL;DR: A review of the most commonly used SA methods in Europe, their comparability and results, and to evaluate current trends and identify possible gaps of the methods and future research directions is presented in this article.

TL;DR: In this paper, the fine particle composition data from seven National Park Service locations in Alaska for the period from 1986 to 1995 was performed using a new type of factor analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF), which uses the estimates of the error in the data to provide optimum data point scaling and permits a better treatment of missing and below detection limit values.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors combined satellite-based estimates, chemical transport model (CTM) simulations and ground measurements from 79 different countries to produce new global estimates of annual average fine particle (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations at 0.1° × 0. 1° spatial resolution for five-year intervals from 1990-2010 and the year 2013.