Showing papers by "Roy Thurik published in 2019"
VU University Amsterdam1, Erasmus University Rotterdam2, University of Zurich3, Harvard University4, Hospital for Special Surgery5, Cornell University6, University of Amsterdam7, University of Toronto8, Statens Serum Institut9, University of Copenhagen10, University of Queensland11, University of Essex12, ETH Zurich13, Broad Institute14, University of Oxford15, Max Planck Society16, German Institute for Economic Research17, Pompeu Fabra University18, University of Edinburgh19, University of Oulu20, University of California, San Diego21, University of Lübeck22, Institut Pere Mata23, University of Colorado Boulder24, University of Konstanz25, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill26, University of Fribourg27, Karolinska Institutet28, University of Guelph29, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton30, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich31, University of Innsbruck32, University of Cologne33, University College London34, University of Chicago35, Imperial College London36, University of Tartu37, Stockholm School of Economics38, Geisinger Health System39, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies40, University of Mainz41, University of Southern California42, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences43, Western General Hospital44, Translational Research Institute45, University of Minnesota46, New York University47, National Bureau of Economic Research48
TL;DR: This paper found evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across risk tolerance and the risky behaviors: 46 of the 99 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of their other GWAS, and general risk-tolerance is genetically correlated with a range of risky behaviors.
Abstract: Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over 1 million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. Across all GWAS, we identified hundreds of associated loci, including 99 loci associated with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across risk tolerance and the risky behaviors: 46 of the 99 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is genetically correlated ([Formula: see text] ~ 0.25 to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near SNPs associated with general risk tolerance are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We found no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
395 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: A genetic study identifies hundreds of loci associated with risk tolerance and risky behaviors, finds evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across these phenotypes, and implicates genes involved in neurotransmission.
175 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use two waves of the Flash Eurobarometer survey on entrepreneurship (2009 and 2012), which contains information on start-up motivations, startup barriers, and risk perceptions of approximately 3000 (prospective) business owners across 33 countries.
Abstract: Entrepreneurs who start a business to serve both self-interests and collective interests by addressing unmet social and environmental needs are usually referred to as sustainable entrepreneurs. Compared with regular entrepreneurs, we argue that sustainable entrepreneurs face specific challenges when establishing their businesses owing to the discrepancy between the creation and appropriation of private value and social value. We hypothesize that when starting a business, sustainable entrepreneurs (1) feel more hampered by perceived barriers, such as the institutional environment and (2) have a different risk attitude and perception than regular entrepreneurs. We use two waves of the Flash Eurobarometer survey on entrepreneurship (2009 and 2012), which contains information on start-up motivations, start-up barriers, and risk perceptions of approximately 3000 (prospective) business owners across 33 countries. We find that sustainable entrepreneurs indeed perceive more institutional barriers in terms of a lack of financial, administrative, and informational support at business start-up than regular entrepreneurs. Further, no significant differences between sustainable and regular entrepreneurs are found in terms of their risk attitudes or perceived financial risks. However, sustainable entrepreneurs are more likely to fear personal failure than regular entrepreneurs, which is explained by their varied and complex stakeholder relations. These insights may serve as an important signal for both governments and private capital providers in enhancing the institutional climate.
149 citations
Erasmus University Rotterdam1, VU University Amsterdam2, University of Zurich3, Harvard University4, University of Colorado Boulder5, Hospital for Special Surgery6, University of Southern California7, University of Amsterdam8, University of Copenhagen9, Statens Serum Institut10, University of Toronto11, University of Queensland12, University of Essex13, Broad Institute14, Max Planck Society15, German Institute for Economic Research16, University of Oxford17, Pompeu Fabra University18, University of Edinburgh19, University of Oulu20, University of California, San Diego21, University of Lübeck22, University of Konstanz23, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill24, University of Bern25, Karolinska Institutet26, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton27, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich28, University of Cologne29, University College London30, University of Chicago31, Imperial College London32, University of Tartu33, Stockholm School of Economics34, Geisinger Health System35, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies36, University of Mainz37, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences38, Western General Hospital39, University of Minnesota40, New York University41, National Bureau of Economic Research42
TL;DR: Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near general-risk-tolerance-associated SNPs are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission.
Abstract: Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over one million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. We identified 611 approximately independent genetic loci associated with at least one of our phenotypes, including 124 with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across general risk tolerance and risky behaviors: 72 of the 124 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is moderately to strongly genetically correlated ( to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near general-risk-tolerance-associated SNPs are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We find no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a theoretically-empirically aligned test of the connection between the condition of ADHD and entrepreneurial intention and action, and find a positive connection between clinical ADHD with entrepreneurial intentions as well as entrepreneurial action.
Abstract: A growing conversation has emerged linking ostensibly dark or pathological individual-level characteristics to entrepreneurship. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most central and emblematic. Recent studies have made great strides—articulating the theoretical relevance of ADHD-type behavior in entrepreneurship and suggesting a positive link consistent with narratives in the popular press. However, quantitative studies have yet to empirically examine ADHD in line with its theoretical roots and definition—as a clinical disorder. The present paper contributes by providing a theoretically–empirically aligned test of the connection between the condition of ADHD and entrepreneurial intention and action. Based on a large-scale data collection effort (N = 9869) and cross-sectional methodology, the results find a positive connection between clinical ADHD and entrepreneurial intentions as well as entrepreneurial action. This grounds prior research on ADHD and entrepreneurship, indicating that individuals with ADHD are indeed more likely to not just espouse entrepreneurial intentions, but also to initiate business venturing. Considering the design, it suggests a self-selection toward entrepreneurship in individuals with ADHD (before potentially being a choice of last resort).
63 citations
TL;DR: A societal and scholarly neglect is identified for the field of small business ownership and health and a research program discriminating between pathogenic and salutogenic effects for a small business owner’s working life is outlined.
Abstract: The present article identifies a societal and scholarly neglect for the field of small business ownership and health. We address health capital and its spillover effects and briefly outline a research program discriminating between pathogenic (negative for health) and salutogenic (positive for health) effects for a small business owner’s working life.
44 citations
TL;DR: There was no evidence of significant correlations across the three measurement levels, contradict the outcomes of some previous, smaller studies, which did report significant associations between self-reported impulsivity(-related) measures and behavior and/or electrophysiology.
14 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the role of positive affect in entrepreneurial success by using a dataset of more than 800 sole proprietors and find that individuals who express generally positive feelings and emotions are more likely to succeed due to their increased capacity to recognize opportunities, develop broad social networks, respond effectively to rapid change in highly dynamic environments and tolerate intense levels of stress.
Abstract: Despite its widely researched role in individual success in many
life domains, there is little evidence of how positive affect (that is, the
extent to which an individual subjectively experiences positive feelings and
emotions) plays a role in entrepreneurial success. Our study proposes and
tests an extended model of Baron’s (2008) conceptual framework to
investigate the role of positive affect in entrepreneurial success by using a
dataset of more than 800 sole proprietors. Our research model relates
positive affect to Baron’s key aspects of the entrepreneurial process
(opportunity recognition, financial resource acquisition, social network
development, response to dynamic environment, and tolerance to stress)
and the entrepreneurial success of sole proprietors. Our findings show that
positive affect is indirectly and positively associated with the
entrepreneurial success of sole proprietors through this entrepreneurial
process. Indeed, sole proprietors who express generally positive feelings
and emotions are more likely to succeed due to their increased capacity to
recognize opportunities, develop broad social networks, respond effectively
to rapid change in highly dynamic environments and tolerate intense levels
of stress. Our findings have important implications for theory and practice.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a set of questions assez generales, mais fondamentales, for the societe entrepreneuriale to solve, which souhaite la decrire et comprendre ses mecanismes, and fixons quelques balises sous forme de propositions.
Abstract: Dans ce bref article, nous motivons l’approfondissement de l’examen de la societe entrepreneuriale en soulevant une serie de questions assez generales, mais fondamentales pour qui souhaite la decrire et comprendre ses mecanismes. Avant d’examiner ces questions, nous fixons quelques balises sous forme de propositions. Nous en retenons deux a savoir, d’une part, l’unite d’observation et les niveaux auxquels se poseraient les enjeux fondamentaux de la societe entrepreneuriale a savoir l’individu et l’interindividualite et, d’autre part, une proposition relative a la place du travail qui y occuperait une place centrale. Les questions soulevees esquissent un programme de recherche de grande ampleur.
5 citations
TL;DR: This paper conducts the first empirical dynamic simultaneous equilibrium analysis of the role of entry and exit of firms, the number of firms in an industry, and profit levels in industry dynamics, finding that indeed entrants perform an entrepreneurial function causing long periods of disequilibrium after which a new equilibrium is attained.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial, innovative entry can have devastating effects disrupting a market. However, the many players involved including all current producers, sellers and suppliers and the often non-technological but organizational nature of the innovation may lead to a gradual restoration of the market, viz., to a new equilibrium. Entrepreneurial entry can be regarded as a disaster while the restoration towards a new equilibrium as disaster management. Hardly any empirical models have been developed in order to test these ideas. This paper conducts the first empirical dynamic simultaneous equilibrium analysis of the role of entry and exit of firms, the number of firms in an industry, and profit levels in industry dynamics. Our model enables to discriminate between the entrants’ entrepreneurial function of creating disequilibrium and their conventional role of moving the industry to a new equilibrium. Using a rich data set of the retail industry, we find that indeed entrants perform an entrepreneurial function causing long periods of disequilibrium after which a new equilibrium is attained. Notably, shocks to the entry rate have permanent effects on the industry, emphasizing the entrepreneurial function of entrants rather than their passive reactive function as postulated in classical economics.
3 citations