Australian National University

About: Australian National University is a education organization based out in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Galaxy. The organization has 34419 authors who have published 109261 publications receiving 4315448 citations. The organization is also known as: The Australian National University & ANU.

Resource wars: the anthropology of mining

Abstract: ▪ Abstract The scope for an anthropology of mining has been dramatically transformed since the review by Ricardo Godoy, published in this review journal in 1985. The minerals boom of the 1980s led to an aggressive expansion of mine development in greenfield areas, many of them the domains of indigenous communities. Under considerable pressure, the conventional binary contest between states and corporations over the benefits and impacts of mining has been widened to incorporate the representations of local communities, and broad but unstable mining communities now coalesce around individual projects. Focused primarily on projects in developing nations of the Asia-Pacific region, this review questions the often-monolithic characterizations of state, corporate, and community forms of agency and charts the debate among anthropologists involved in mining, variously as consultants, researchers, and advocates, about appropriate terms for their engagement.

Explaining the nature of power: a three-process theory

Abstract: Power is an inescapable feature of human social life and structure. This paper addresses the nature of power. The standard theory is that power is the capacity for influence and that influence is based on the control of resources valued or desired by others. However, there have always been problems with this theory and new ones have appeared. The paper summarizes the standard theory and its problems, outlines the different meanings of power and presents a new theory emphasizing group identity, social organization and ideology rather than dependence as the basis of power. It proposes that power is based on persuasion, authority and coercion. A key point is that the theory changes the way these processes have been understood by reversing the causal sequence of the standard theory. The latter argues that control of resources produces power, power is the basis of influence and that mutual influence leads to the formation of a psychological group. The three-process theory argues that psychological group formation produces influence, that influence is the basis of power and that power leads to the control of resources. Implications of the theory for social change, coercion, prejudice and the extent to which power is a social evil are briefly noted. The challenge is to study how power emerges from and functions within social relationships with a definite social, ideological and historical content rather than reifying it as an abstract external force producing generic psychological effects. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Few would deny that power is central to human affairs or a key concept in the social sciences. Roberts (2003) argues that it is the basis of society: ‘The ability of one person to make a hundred others do his [sic] bidding is the basic building block upon which all collective human endeavour is based’ (p. xv). Keltner, Gruenfeld, and Anderson (2003) state that it is ‘a basic force in social relationships’ (p. 265). It appears to be a universal and indispensable feature of social organization, at work in all political, organizational and institutional life and, in some views, in every social relationship. Every group, organization or society must solve the problems of power to achieve its goals or risk failure, dysfunction or even extinction. But what exactly is power? How should it be defined, what are the processes through which it operates, what are their distinctive effects on attitudes and behaviour, and

Surface strategies for catalytic CO2 reduction: from two-dimensional materials to nanoclusters to single atoms

Abstract: Redox catalysis, including photocatalysis and (photo)electrocatalysis, may alleviate global warming and energy crises by removing excess CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it to value-added resources. Nano-to-atomic two-dimensional (2D) materials, clusters and single atoms are superior catalysts because of their engineerable ultrathin/small dimensions and large surface areas and have attracted worldwide research interest. Given the current gap between research and applications in CO2 reduction, our review systematically and constructively discusses nano-to-atomic surface strategies for catalysts reported to date. This work is expected to drive and benefit future research to rationally design surface strategies with multi-parameter synergistic impacts on the selectivity, activity and stability of next-generation CO2 reduction catalysts, thus opening new avenues for sustainable solutions to climate change, energy and environmental issues, and the potential industrial economy.

Temperature and Surface-Ocean Water Balance of the Mid-Holocene Tropical Western Pacific

Abstract: Skeletal Sr/Ca and 18 O/ 16 O ratios in corals from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, indicate that the tropical ocean surface ∼5350 years ago was 1°C warmer and enriched in 18 O by 0.5 per mil relative to modern seawater. The results suggest that the temperature increase enhanced the evaporative enrichment of 18 O in seawater. Transport of part of the additional atmospheric water vapor to extratropical latitudes may have sustained the 18 O/ 16 O anomaly. The reduced glacial-Holocene shift in seawater 18 O/ 16 O ratio produced by the mid-Holocene 18 O enrichment may help to reconcile the different temperature histories for the last deglaciation given by coral Sr/Ca thermometry and foraminiferal oxygen-isotope records.