Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 2013"
Arizona State University1, Pace University2, Texas State University3, DePaul University4, Universidad del Norte, Colombia5, University of Kentucky6, Washington State University7, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater8, Northern Illinois University9, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology10, Rutgers University11
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a research agenda for the emerging area of transformative service research, which lies at the intersection of service research and consumer research and focuses on well-being outcomes related to service and services.
672 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that direct quantitative approaches, largely represented by computational modeling or agent-based simulation, have much to offer with respect to illuminating the mechanisms of emergence as a dynamic process, and illustrated how indirect and direct approaches can be complementary and, appropriately integrated, have the potential to substantially advance theory and research.
Abstract: Multilevel theory and research have advanced organizational science but are limited because the research focus is incomplete. Most quantitative research examines top-down, contextual, cross-level relationships. Emergent phenomena that manifest from the bottom up from the psychological characteristics, processes, and interactions among individuals—although examined qualitatively—have been largely neglected in quantitative research. Emergence is theoretically assumed, examined indirectly, and treated as an inference regarding the construct validity of higher level measures. As a result, quantitative researchers are investigating only one fundamental process of multilevel theory and organizational systems. This article advances more direct, dynamic, and temporally sensitive quantitative research methods designed to unpack emergence as a process. We argue that direct quantitative approaches, largely represented by computational modeling or agent-based simulation, have much to offer with respect to illuminatin...
335 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions is used to empirically assess how situation-specific emotions and customer participation during a health care service experience affect perceptions of the service provider.
Abstract: Many service interactions require customers to actively participate, yet customers often do not participate at levels that optimize their outcomes, particularly in health care. To gain insight into how customers shape a service experience with highly uncertain outcomes, we construct a model on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The model is used to empirically assess how situation-specific emotions and customer participation during a health care service experience affect perceptions of the service provider. The model is tested using data from 190 medical clinic customers. Consistent with theory, results reveal that as customers’ relative affect levels become more positive, levels of participation increase as well. In turn, higher levels of positivity and participation improve customer perceptions of the quality of the service provider and satisfaction with the co-produced service experience. Implications of this research focus managers on designing services to help clients manage their emotions in ways that facilitate positivity and participation and thus improve service perceptions.
255 citations
TL;DR: This paper developed a model of the dynamic interaction between CEO overconfidence and dividend policy and found that an overconfident CEO views external financing as costly and hence builds financial slack for future investment needs by lowering the current dividend payout.
Abstract: We develop a model of the dynamic interaction between CEO overconfidence and dividend policy. The model shows that an overconfident CEO views external financing as costly and hence builds financial slack for future investment needs by lowering the current dividend payout. Consistent with the main prediction, we find that the level of dividend payout is about one-sixth lower in firms managed by CEOs who are more likely to be overconfident. We document that this reduction in dividends associated with CEO overconfidence is greater in firms with lower growth opportunities and lower cash flow. We also show that the magnitude of the positive market reaction to a dividend-increase announcement is higher for firms with greater uncertainty about CEO overconfidence.
230 citations
TL;DR: A systematic review of 54 prospective, longitudinal studies of PTSD published between 1991 and 2013 indicated that many variables, previously considered outcomes of trauma, are pretrauma risk factors.
223 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of prototypical procrastinators were determined from a global sample based on several relevant self-reported demographic variables, such as sex, age, marital status, education and nationality.
Abstract: Procrastination is a common form of self-regulatory failure with substantive connections to lower levels of health, wealth and well-being. Conducting an epidemiological study, we determined the characteristics of prototypical procrastinators from a global sample based on several relevant self-reported demographic variables. Using an internet sampling strategy, we surveyed 16413 English-speaking adults (58.3% women; 41.7% men: M age=38.3years, SD=14), specifically onthe variables ofsex, age, marital status,familysize, education, communitylocation,and national origin. Almostallthe results were statistically significant because of our large sample size. However, procrastination tendencies were most prominently associated with sex, age, marital status, education and nationality. Procrastinators tended to be young, single men with less education, residing in countries with lower levels of self-discipline. Notably, procrastination mediated the relationship between sex and education, providing further support that men are lagging behind women academically because of lower self-regulatory skills. Given procrastination’s connection with a variety of societal ailments(e.g.excessive debt,delayedmedicaltreatment), identifying riskfactorsandatriskpopulationsshouldbehelpful for directing preventative public policy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
211 citations
TL;DR: There is a need for psychologists to conduct research accurately assessing the types and scope of violence that teachers experience to comprehensively evaluate the individual, classroom, school, community, institutional, and cultural contextual factors that might predict and/or explain types of teacher violence.
Abstract: Violence directed against K-12 teachers is a serious problem that demands the immediate attention of researchers, providers of teacher pre-service and in-service training, school administrators, community leaders, and policymakers. Surprisingly, little research has been conducted on this growing problem despite the broad impact teacher victimization can have on schooling, recruitment, and retention of highly effective teachers and on student academic and behavioral outcomes. Psychologists should play a leadership role in mitigating school violence, including violence directed toward teachers. There is a need for psychologists to conduct research accurately assessing the types and scope of violence that teachers experience; to comprehensively evaluate the individual, classroom, school, community, institutional, and cultural contextual factors that might predict and/or explain types of teacher violence; and to examine the effectiveness and sustainability of classroom, school, and district-wide prevention and intervention strategies that target teacher violence in school systems. Collectively, the work of psychologists in this area could have a substantial impact on schooling, teacher experience and retention, and overall student performance.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors designed a systemic risk measure for the European banking system as a hypothetical distress insurance premium (DIP), which integrates economically the main characteristics of systemic risk such as size, default probability, and interconnectedness.
Abstract: This paper designs a systemic risk measure for the European banking system as a hypothetical distress insurance premium (DIP), which integrates economically the main characteristics of systemic risk—size, default probability, and interconnectedness. We further identify the individual contributions of 58 major European banks to the systemic risk measure. We find that the European banking systemic risk reached its height in late 2011 around €500 billion, and the sovereign default factor is the dominant driver for the European debt crisis. Our approach identifies a number of systemically important European banks, but smaller Italian and Spanish banks as groups have notably increased their systemic importance. Our findings provide support for the European-wide macroprudential regulation of banking systemic risk.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey a unique pool of approximately 5,000 investors that contains both investors who have used SRI criteria in investment decisions and those who have not, and involve a broad array of criteria associated with socially responsible investing.
Abstract: Given the growing importance of Socially Responsible Investing (SRI), it is surprising that there is no consensus of what the term SRI means to an investor. Further, most studies of this question rely solely on the views of investors who already invest in SRI funds. Our study surveys a unique pool of approximately 5,000 investors that contains both investors who have used SRI criteria in investment decisions and those who have not, and involves a broad array of criteria associated with SR investing. Our findings offer new insight into the SRI debate. For both sets of investors, environmental and sustainability issues dominate as the major category associated with SR investing. We find strong agreement in the ranking of the relative importance of various SRI factors despite differences between these two groups in their opinion of their overall importance. We also find that investors prefer to consider the SRI question in more holistic terms rather than using the exclusionary format favored by most SRI funds. Investors seem to prefer to reward firms who display overall positive social behavior rather than to exclude firms on the basis of certain products or practices. These findings can help providers of SR investment vehicles to improve the SRI products that they offer to the general investor, thus both encouraging the initial adoption of SR criteria by investors and increasing overall investment in SR choices.
187 citations
TL;DR: This article developed a model of the dynamic interaction between CEO overconfidence and dividend policy and found that an overconfident CEO views external financing as costly and hence builds financial slack for future investment needs by lowering the current dividend payout.
183 citations
TL;DR: Turn-taking self-disclosure reciprocity in the acquaintance process increases the likelihood of positive outcomes (e.g., liking) in initial encounters as mentioned in this paper, even when participants in non-reciprocally disclosing dyads switched roles (i.e., disclosers became listeners) and therefore experienced extended reciprocity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that asset prices behave very differently on days when important macroeconomic news is scheduled for announcement relative to other trading days, and that a robust risk-return trade-off exists on announcement days.
Abstract: We show that asset prices behave very differently on days when important macroeconomic news is scheduled for announcement relative to other trading days. In addition to significantly higher average returns for risky assets on announcement days, return patterns are also much easier to reconcile with standard asset pricing theories, both cross-sectionally and across time. On such days, stock market beta is strongly related to average returns. This positive relation holds for individual stocks, for various test portfolios, and even for bonds and currencies, suggesting that beta is after all an important measure of systematic risk. Furthermore, a robust risk-return trade-off exists on announcement days. Expected variance is positively related to future aggregated quarterly announcement day returns, in contrast to market or aggregated non-announcement day returns where there is no evidence of predictability. We explore the implications of our findings in the context of various asset pricing models.
TL;DR: The results suggest that fault prediction models based upon traditional metrics can substitute for specialized vulnerability prediction models, however, both fault prediction andulnerability prediction models require significant improvement to reduce false positives while providing high recall.
Abstract: Finding security vulnerabilities requires a different mindset than finding general faults in software—thinking like an attacker. Therefore, security engineers looking to prioritize security inspection and testing efforts may be better served by a prediction model that indicates security vulnerabilities rather than faults. At the same time, faults and vulnerabilities have commonalities that may allow development teams to use traditional fault prediction models and metrics for vulnerability prediction. The goal of our study is to determine whether fault prediction models can be used for vulnerability prediction or if specialized vulnerability prediction models should be developed when both models are built with traditional metrics of complexity, code churn, and fault history. We have performed an empirical study on a widely-used, large open source project, the Mozilla Firefox web browser, where 21% of the source code files have faults and only 3% of the files have vulnerabilities. Both the fault prediction model and the vulnerability prediction model provide similar ability in vulnerability prediction across a wide range of classification thresholds. For example, the fault prediction model provided recall of 83% and precision of 11% at classification threshold 0.6 and the vulnerability prediction model provided recall of 83% and precision of 12% at classification threshold 0.5. Our results suggest that fault prediction models based upon traditional metrics can substitute for specialized vulnerability prediction models. However, both fault prediction and vulnerability prediction models require significant improvement to reduce false positives while providing high recall.
TL;DR: A survey of the rich variety of crossing number variants that have been introduced in the literature for purposes that range from studying the theoretical underpinnings of the crossing number to crossing minimization for visualization problems.
Abstract: The crossing number is a popular tool in graph drawing and visualization, but there is not really just one crossing number; there is a large family of crossing number notions of which the crossing number is the best known. We survey the rich variety of crossing number variants that have been introduced in the literature for purposes that range from studying the theoretical underpinnings of the crossing number to crossing minimization for visualization problems.
TL;DR: Previous findings regarding the relationship between peer rejection and face-to-face aggressive behaviors to the cyber context are extended and underscore the importance of utilizing multiple methods, such as peer-nomination and self-report, to assess cyber aggression in a school setting.
Abstract: Adolescents experience various forms of strain in their lives that may contribute jointly to their engagement in cyber aggression. However, little attention has been given to this idea. To address this gap in the literature, the present longitudinal study examined the moderating influence of peer rejection on the relationship between cyber victimization at Time 1 (T1) and subsequent cyber aggression at Time 2 (T2; 6 months later) among 261 (150 girls) 6th, 7th, and 8th graders. Our findings indicated that both peer rejection and cyber victimization were related to T2 peer-nominated and self-reported cyber aggression, both relational and verbal, after controlling for gender and T1 cyber aggression. Furthermore, T1 cyber victimization was related more strongly to T2 peer-nominated and self-reported cyber aggression at higher levels of T1 peer rejection. These results extend previous findings regarding the relationship between peer rejection and face-to-face aggressive behaviors to the cyber context. In addition, our findings underscore the importance of utilizing multiple methods, such as peer-nomination and self-report, to assess cyber aggression in a school setting.
TL;DR: This article examined the capital-structure decisions of privately held US firms using data from four nationally representative surveys conducted from 1987 to 2003 and found that book-value firm leverage is negatively related to firm age and minority ownership; and is positively related to industry median leverage, the corporate legal form of organization, and the number of banking relationships.
Abstract: This study examines the capital-structure decisions of privately held US firms using data from four nationally representative surveys conducted from 1987 to 2003. Book-value firm leverage, as measured by either the ratio of total loans to total assets or the ratio of total liabilities to total assets, is negatively related to firm age and minority ownership; and is positively related to industry median leverage, the corporate legal form of organization, and to the number of banking relationships. In general, these results provide mixed support for both the Pecking-Order and Trade-Off theories of capital structure. What do we know about the capital structure of privately held US firms? The answer is “not much,” as almost all existing empirical studies of the capital structure of US firms have relied upon Compustat data for large corporations with publicly traded securities. 1 Although such large, publicly traded corporations hold the vast majority of business assets, they account for only a small fraction of the number of business entities. In the United States, for example, there are fewer than 10,000 firms that issue publicly traded securities, yet according to the US Internal Revenue Service, there were approximately 30 million small businesses as of
18 Aug 2013
TL;DR: This paper presents a novel, automated approach for constructing FMs from publicly available product descriptions found in online product repositories and marketing websites such as SoftPedia and CNET.
Abstract: Feature Models (FMs) are used extensively in software product line engineering to help generate and validate individual product configurations and to provide support for domain analysis. As FM construction can be tedious and time-consuming, researchers have previously developed techniques for extracting FMs from sets of formally specified individual configurations, or from software requirements specifications for families of existing products. However, such artifacts are often not available. In this paper we present a novel, automated approach for constructing FMs from publicly available product descriptions found in online product repositories and marketing websites such as SoftPedia and CNET. While each individual product description provides only a partial view of features in the domain, a large set of descriptions can provide fairly comprehensive coverage. Our approach utilizes hundreds of partial product descriptions to construct an FM and is described and evaluated against antivirus product descriptions mined from SoftPedia.
TL;DR: A long-term role is found for media coverage, consistent with Merton's attention or investor recognition hypothesis, and it is shown that a simple, objective measure of pre-IPO media coverage is positively related to the stock's long- term value, liquidity, analyst coverage, and institutional investor ownership.
Abstract: The unique characteristics of the U.S. initial public offer (IPO) process, particularly the strict quiet period regulations, allow us to explore the effects of media coverage when the coverage does not contain genuine news (i.e., hard information that was previously unknown). We show that a simple, objective measure of pre-IPO media coverage is positively related to the stock’s long term value, liquidity, analyst coverage, and institutional investor ownership. Our results are robust to additional controls for size, to using abnormal or excess media, and to an instrumental variable approach. We also find that pre-IPO media coverage is negatively related to future expected returns, measured by the implied cost of capital. In all, we find a long term role for media coverage, consistent with Merton’s (1987) attention or investor recognition hypothesis.
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2013TL;DR: The concept of dark design patterns in games is developed, examples of such patterns are presented, some of the subtleties involved in identifying them are explored, and questions that can be asked to help guide in the specification and identification of future Dark Patterns are provided.
Abstract: Game designers are typically regarded as advocates for players. However, a game creator’s interests may not align with the players’. We examine some of the ways in which those opposed interests can manifest in a game’s design. In particular, we examine those elements of a game’s design whose purpose can be argued as questionable and perhaps even unethical. Building upon earlier work in design patterns, we call these abstracted elements Dark Game Design Patterns. In this paper, we develop the concept of dark design patterns in games, present examples of such patterns, explore some of the subtleties involved in identifying them, and provide questions that can be asked to help guide in the specification and identification of future Dark Patterns. Our goal is not to criticize creators but rather to contribute to an ongoing discussion regarding the values in games and the role that designers and creators have in this process.
TL;DR: Examination of how the Learning Management System affords people the ability to take actions in an online course finds that perceived LMS affordances predicted teaching, cognitive and social presence among students; in addition, satisfaction with the LMS predicted course satisfaction.
Abstract: This paper extends the research on the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework of understanding features of successful online learning to include the effects of the software used to support and facilitate it. This study examines how the Learning Management System (LMS) affords people the ability to take actions in an online course. A model is proposed to explain the effect of LMS affordances on the Community of Inquiry and on course satisfaction, and propose and test several hypotheses about their relationships. A pilot study found that while two common Learning Management Systems had different tools, faculty varied widely in their use and perception of the affordances of the tools. In the subsequent quantitative study, surveys were administered to 605 online students in a large Midwestern university. Regression analysis found that perceived LMS affordances predicted teaching, cognitive and social presence among students; in addition, satisfaction with the LMS predicted course satisfaction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined young social media users' beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral responses toward social media advertising and found that Brand consciousness was found to have an impact on users' attitudes toward online advertising, which in turn influenced their behavioral responses and consequent purchase intentions toward luxury products.
Abstract: Social media has rapidly risen in popularity as a new advertising platform that allows users to connect with one another and engage with brands. At the same time, the online luxury market has experienced rapid expansion due to the rising number of affluent online users between 18 and 35 years old. The current study examined young social media users' beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral responses toward social media advertising. Brand consciousness was found to have an impact on users' attitudes toward social media advertising, which in turn influences their behavioral responses toward social media advertising and consequent purchase intentions toward luxury products.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the current approach to shareholder wealth maximization is no longer a valid guide to creation of sustainable wealth: an emphasis on short-term results has had the unintended consequence of forcing many firms to externalize their social and environmental costs.
TL;DR: Calton, Hartman and Bevan as discussed by the authors argue that charity simply makes those people it sets out to assist even more dependent and that there is evidence to suggest that what is free is not valued nearly as much as those goods or services for which one has to pay.
Abstract: This article, written with Calton, Hartman and Bevan, develops the position that poverty, globally, can be alleviated if not eradicated if Western industrial companies and other commercial institutions will form partnerships and collaborations in the emerging economies. These efforts are not intended to arise from any form of philanthropy. Indeed, the authors here argue both (i) that charity simply makes those people it sets out to assist even more dependent and (ii) that there is evidence to suggest that globally – even in the poorest communities – what is free is not valued nearly as much as those goods or services for which one has to pay, even if only a few cents. Indeed, the collaborations proposed here are not dependency relationships but partnerships which are truly equitable business relationships that create value-added for both parties.
TL;DR: A measure of work interference with life across eight non-work domains and two forms of interference (strain-and time-based) was developed and tested in two studies of 1811 and 3145 university alumni from multiple organizations and diverse occupations.
TL;DR: The trucking occupation places drivers at high risk for poor health outcomes and Prospective studies are needed to delve into how continued exposure to trucking influences the progression of disease burden.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: While trucking in industrialized nations is linked with driver health afflictions, the role of trucking in U.S. truckers' health remains largely unknown. This paper sheds light on links between the trucking work environment and drivers' physical health. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, 316 truckers were enrolled in the Healthy Trucker Survey. Questions included work history, physical and mental health, and healthcare access. PASW 18 was used to examine patterns among factors. PARTICIPANTS: 316 truckers participated. RESULTS: Respondents were mainly full-time, long-haul drivers with over 5 years of experience, and who spent over 17 days on the road per month. While almost 75% described their health as good, 83.4% were overweight/obese, 57.9% had sleeping disturbances, 56.3% fatigue, 42.3% musculoskeletal disorders, and about 40% cardiovascular disease concerns. About 33% had no health insurance, 70% had no regular healthcare visits, 24.4% could not afford insurance, and 42.1% took over-the-counter drugs when sick, while 20.1% waited to reach home for medical care. Exercise facilities were unavailable in over 70% of trucking worksites and 70% of drivers did not exercise regularly.CONCLUSIONS: The trucking occupation places drivers at high risk for poor health outcomes. Prospective studies are needed to delve into how continued exposure to trucking influences the progression of disease burden. Language: en
TL;DR: This article investigated whether conservatives and liberals support discrimination against value violators, and whether liberals and conservatives' values distinctly affect discrimination, and found that liberal values may ameliorate discrimination more than conservative values.
Abstract: Despite ample research linking conservatism to discrimination and liberalism to tolerance, both groups may discriminate. In two studies, we investigated whether conservatives and liberals support discrimination against value violators, and whether liberals’ and conservatives’ values distinctly affect discrimination. Results demonstrated that liberals and conservatives supported discrimination against ideologically dissimilar groups, an effect mediated by perceptions of value violations. Liberals were more likely than conservatives to espouse egalitarianism and universalism, which attenuated their discrimination; whereas the conservatives’ value of traditionalism predicted more discrimination, and their value of self-reliance predicted less discrimination. This suggests liberals and conservatives are equally likely to discriminate against value violators, but liberal values may ameliorate discrimination more than conservative values.
TL;DR: Maternal and child PTSD symptoms were correlated, suggesting that young children may be particularly vulnerable to relational PTSD due to their close physical and emotional relationship with their parents.
Abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) places infants and young children at risk for development of trauma symptoms. However, this is an understudied consequence of IPV because young children pose particular difficulties for assessment of trauma symptoms. The authors collected maternal reports on mothers' and children's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and IPV yearly, from ages 1 to 7. Approximately half of the children exposed to IPV at each time period developed some trauma symptoms, and frequency of IPV witnessed was associated with PTSD symptoms. Maternal and child PTSD symptoms were correlated, suggesting that young children may be particularly vulnerable to relational PTSD due to their close physical and emotional relationship with their parents.
TL;DR: It is suggested that taking family context into consideration during the planning phases of school-based programs and events improve parental involvement.
Abstract: Previous studies demonstrate the positive effects of parental involvement on student grade point averages (GPAs), standardized tests scores, and other academic outcomes. Because of the positive role of parental involvement on youth academic achievement, many parents and school personnel desire more collaboration between the family and the school. However, obstacles often arise prohibiting such positive interactions, especially for inner-city African American parents. In this study, parents and school personnel at a predominantly African American inner-city high school completed in-depth interviews regarding the barriers to involving parents in their children’s education. Parents and school personnel identified barriers that fit into four descriptive categories: (a) time poverty, (b) lack of access, (c) lack of financial resources, and (d) lack of awareness. Suggestions for decreasing barriers were also discussed. Findings suggest that taking family context into consideration during the planning phases of ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined whether giving or receiving self-disclosure leads to greater liking and other positive impressions (e.g., closeness) in initial interactions and found that listening was associated with greater degrees of perceived similarity.
Abstract: We experimentally examined whether giving or receiving self-disclosure leads to greater liking and other positive impressions (e.g., closeness) in initial interactions. We also contributed to a recent debate about the familiarity-attraction link by examining whether knowledge about another leads to greater (or lesser) degrees of liking and perceived similarity. Pairs of unacquainted undergraduates completed a structured self-disclosure task. We randomly assigned one participant to disclose while the other listened in a first interaction; participants switched roles for a second interaction. After the first interaction, listeners (vs. disclosers) reported more liking and other positive interpersonal impressions. These differences disappeared after participants switched roles in the second interaction. Furthermore, listening was associated with greater degrees of perceived similarity.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether materialism, an important construct of consumer behavior, is a consequence of social media usage, which also influences users' attitudes toward social media advertising among American and Arab young social media users.
Abstract: Social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Foursquare provide consumers with tremendous opportunities to create and disseminate brand-related content and product usage information around the world. This study investigates whether materialism, an important construct of consumer behavior, is a consequence of social media usage, which also influences users’ attitudes toward social media advertising (SMADV) among American and Arab young social media users. In addition, this study examines the relationship between materialism and purchase intention of luxury fashion goods across American and Arab users. Overall, the results suggest that Arab social media users exhibited higher levels of materialism and social media usage as well as more favorable attitudes toward SMADV than did American users. In both samples, social media usage positively predicts materialism and users’ SMADV attitudes. Both samples showed positive relationships between materialism and purchase intention toward luxury fashi...