Imperial Chemical Industries

About: Imperial Chemical Industries is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Alkyl & Catalysis. The organization has 8189 authors who have published 7809 publications receiving 190252 citations. The organization is also known as: Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.

Molecular structure and rubber-like elasticity II. The stereochemistry of chain polymers

Abstract: A survey of the known structures of molecules containing two or more singly linked carbon atoms has shown that the staggered bond configuration is favoured. It is suggested that these molecules may be examples of a general rule—the ‘principle of staggered bonds’—which specifies the bond positions for successions of singly linked carbon atoms, just as the ‘tetrahedral principle’ specifies the bond positions on any one carbon atom. If this is true, it is possible to predict molecular configurations. The number of alternative configurations, all obeying the principle of staggered bonds, increases rapidly with the number of carbon atoms, but the,most probable configuration of a particular molecule can sometimes be predicted on geometrical grounds. The simpler types of carbon chain are described. The chain-type in a crystalline long-chain polymer may sometimes be deduced from a knowledge of the identity period of the molecules, which is readily found from X-ray or electron diffraction patterns. The principle of staggered bonds is also obeyed in molecules containing singly linked nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur atoms. The configurations of lietero-atomic chains containing these atoms are therefore of the same types as carbon chains. In molecules containing double bonds, the principle of staggered bonds may still be operative, a double bond being regarded in the familiar simple geometrical way as two distorted single bonds. The non-planar chain forms of gutta-percha, rubber and polychloroprene are attributed to the cooperation of two influences: the principle of staggered bonds, and the repulsion between methyl or chlorine side substituents and particular 0H o groups in the chains.

Apparatus for steam reforming hydrocarbons

Abstract: An apparatus for conducting an endothermic catalytic reaction wherein closed ended, i.e., double pass, externally heated reformer tubes are employed. The inner return tube are insulated so that there is only a small temperature drop between the reacted gas leaving the catalyst zone and entering the return tubes and the gas leaving the return tubes. The outer, closed end, tubes preferably have fins to increase the surface area, and are surrounded by sheaths through which a heating medium passes. The heating medium is preferably hot gas obtained by subjecting the primary reformed gas to secondary reforming.

Mechanisms of Mammalian Hydroxylation: Some Novel Metabolites of Chlorobenzene

Abstract: 1. The urinary metabolites of [14C]chlorobenzene administered orally to rabbits have been examined.2. The identified metabolites which account for 98-8% of the radioactivity in the urine include four previously unreported metabolites, namely, quinol, 3-chlorocatechol and o- and m-chlorophenylmercapturic acids.3. The distribution of isomeric mercapturic acids, free phenols and phenolic conjugates is reported.4. The major metabolites are r-chlorophenylmercapturic acid and the conjugates of 4-chlorocatechol.5. The metabolism of chlorobenzene is discussed in terms of an initial epoxidation to 3,4-chlorobenzene oxide.

Plastics containers and packages

Abstract: Plastics film container for contents under superatmospheric pressure, closed by a bunched neck provided with a sealable material forming an internal gasket, and an external mechanical closure, and with a releasably sealed tube passing through the bunched neck.